Soumyaratna Debnath

Soumyaratna Debnath, Bui Duc Manh, Zinan Liu et al.

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) typically assume a uniform spatial fidelity across the entire field of view of visual inputs, dedicating equal precision to even the uninformative regions. By contrast, human vision is neither uniform nor static; it is adaptive, selective, and resource-efficient. In light of this, we present the first systematic analysis of bio-inspired visual representation methods, providing insights for more efficient and adaptive VLMs. We propose LLMind (Looking Like the Mind), a novel training-free framework that mimics foveated encoding and cortical magnification in human vision to achieve adaptive, efficient representations for VLMs under tight pixel budgets. Our key idea is to explore a Bio-inspired Adaptive Sampling Strategy (BASS), enabling a Mobius-parameterized module that performs non-uniform sampling while preserving global scene structure. On top of BASS, we introduce closed-loop semantic feedback (CSF) via test-time adaptation to align perceptual saliency with textual information from the frozen VLM. We evaluate LLMind against uniform and other sampling baselines across diverse scene-level and region-guided visual question answering benchmarks. The results show dramatic gains, with average improvements of +20% on VQAv2, +38% on Seed-Bench, and +37% on A-OKVQA compared to uniform sampling under tight pixel budgets. More surprisingly, LLMind retains up to 82%, 92%, and 97% of the full-resolution performance using only 1%, 3%, and 5% of the pixels, respectively. Moreover, LLMind is lightweight, plug-and-play, and compatible with existing VLMs without requiring architectural changes.

Bui Duc Manh, Soumyaratna Debnath, Zetong Zhang et al.

Recent advances in agentic AI have led to systems capable of autonomous task execution and language-based reasoning, yet their spatial reasoning abilities remain limited and underexplored, largely constrained to symbolic and sequential processing. In contrast, human spatial intelligence, rooted in integrated multisensory perception, spatial memory, and cognitive maps, enables flexible, context-aware decision-making in unstructured environments. Therefore, bridging this gap is critical for advancing Agentic Spatial Intelligence toward better interaction with the physical 3D world. To this end, we first start from scrutinizing the spatial neural models as studied in computational neuroscience, and accordingly introduce a novel computational framework grounded in neuroscience principles. This framework maps core biological functions to six essential computation modules: bio-inspired multimodal sensing, multi-sensory integration, egocentric-allocentric conversion, an artificial cognitive map, spatial memory, and spatial reasoning. Together, these modules form a perspective landscape for agentic spatial reasoning capability across both virtual and physical environments. On top, we conduct a framework-guided analysis of recent methods, evaluating their relevance to each module and identifying critical gaps that hinder the development of more neuroscience-grounded spatial reasoning modules. We further examine emerging benchmarks and datasets and explore potential application domains ranging from virtual to embodied systems, such as robotics. Finally, we outline potential research directions, emphasizing the promising roadmap that can generalize spatial reasoning across dynamic or unstructured environments. We hope this work will benefit the research community with a neuroscience-grounded perspective and a structured pathway. Our project page can be found at Github.

Akbar Ali, Mahek Vyas, Soumyaratna Debnath et al.

This paper presents COT-AD, a comprehensive Dataset designed to enhance cotton crop analysis through computer vision. Comprising over 25,000 images captured throughout the cotton growth cycle, with 5,000 annotated images, COT-AD includes aerial imagery for field-scale detection and segmentation and high-resolution DSLR images documenting key diseases. The annotations cover pest and disease recognition, vegetation, and weed analysis, addressing a critical gap in cotton-specific agricultural datasets. COT-AD supports tasks such as classification, segmentation, image restoration, enhancement, deep generative model-based cotton crop synthesis, and early disease management, advancing data-driven crop management

Soumyaratna Debnath, Ashish Tiwari, Kaustubh Sadekar et al.

Recent advancements in learning-based methods have opened new avenues for exploring and interpreting art forms, such as shadow art, origami, and sketch art, through computational models. One notable visual art form is 3D Anamorphic Art in which an ensemble of arbitrarily shaped 3D objects creates a realistic and meaningful expression when observed from a particular viewpoint and loses its coherence over the other viewpoints. In this work, we build on insights from 3D Anamorphic Art to perform 3D object arrangement. We introduce RASP, a differentiable-rendering-based framework to arrange arbitrarily shaped 3D objects within a bounded volume via shadow (or silhouette)-guided optimization with an aim of minimal inter-object spacing and near-maximal occupancy. Furthermore, we propose a novel SDF-based formulation to handle inter-object intersection and container extrusion. We demonstrate that RASP can be extended to part assembly alongside object packing considering 3D objects to be "parts" of another 3D object. Finally, we present artistic illustrations of multi-view anamorphic art, achieving meaningful expressions from multiple viewpoints within a single ensemble.

Shashikant Verma, Harish Katti, Soumyaratna Debnath et al.

We introduce STEP, a novel framework utilizing Transformer-based discriminative model prediction for simultaneous tracking and estimation of pose across diverse animal species and humans. We are inspired by the fact that the human brain exploits spatiotemporal continuity and performs concurrent localization and pose estimation despite the specialization of brain areas for form and motion processing. Traditional discriminative models typically require predefined target states for determining model weights, a challenge we address through Gaussian Map Soft Prediction (GMSP) and Offset Map Regression Adapter (OMRA) Modules. These modules remove the necessity of keypoint target states as input, streamlining the process. Our method starts with a known target state in the initial frame of a given video sequence. It then seamlessly tracks the target and estimates keypoints of anatomical importance as output for subsequent frames. Unlike prevalent top-down pose estimation methods, our approach doesn't rely on per-frame target detections due to its tracking capability. This facilitates a significant advancement in inference efficiency and potential applications. We train and validate our approach on datasets encompassing diverse species. Our experiments demonstrate superior results compared to existing methods, opening doors to various applications, including but not limited to action recognition and behavioral analysis.

Soumyaratna Debnath, Harish Katti, Shashikant Verma et al.

While 2D pose estimation has advanced our ability to interpret body movements in animals and primates, it is limited by the lack of depth information, constraining its application range. 3D pose estimation provides a more comprehensive solution by incorporating spatial depth, yet creating extensive 3D pose datasets for animals is challenging due to their dynamic and unpredictable behaviours in natural settings. To address this, we propose a hybrid approach that utilizes rigged avatars and the pipeline to generate synthetic datasets to acquire the necessary 3D annotations for training. Our method introduces a simple attention-based MLP network for converting 2D poses to 3D, designed to be independent of the input image to ensure scalability for poses in natural environments. Additionally, we identify that existing anatomical keypoint detectors are insufficient for accurate pose retargeting onto arbitrary avatars. To overcome this, we present a lookup table based on a deep pose estimation method using a synthetic collection of diverse actions rigged avatars perform. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of this lookup table-based retargeting approach. Overall, we propose a comprehensive framework with systematically synthesized datasets for lifting poses from 2D to 3D and then utilize this to re-target motion from wild settings onto arbitrary avatars.