David Helbert

Adrien Raison, Pascal Bourdon, David Helbert

Nowadays, deep prediction models, especially graph neural networks, have a majorplace in critical applications. In such context, those models need to be highlyinterpretable or being explainable by humans, and at the societal scope, this understandingmay also be feasible for humans that do not have a strong prior knowledgein models and contexts that need to be explained. In the literature, explainingis a human knowledge transfer process regarding a phenomenon between an explainerand an explainee. We propose EiX-GNN (Eigencentrality eXplainer forGraph Neural Networks) a new powerful method for explaining graph neural networksthat encodes computationally this social explainer-to-explainee dependenceunderlying in the explanation process. To handle this dependency, we introducethe notion of explainee concept assimibility which allows explainer to adapt itsexplanation to explainee background or expectation. We lead a qualitative studyto illustrate our explainee concept assimibility notion on real-world data as wellas a qualitative study that compares, according to objective metrics established inthe literature, fairness and compactness of our method with respect to performingstate-of-the-art methods. It turns out that our method achieves strong results inboth aspects.

Martin Valls, Pascal Bourdon, Christine Fernandez-Maloigne et al.

AI-driven image-to-image synthesis is rapidly advancing, with growing applications in medical imaging. Multi-modal image analysis plays a crucial role in optimizing examination quality, yet acquiring multiple imaging modalities in clinical settings remains resource-intensive and time-consuming, especially for 3D imaging. To address this challenge, we propose a novel image-to-image translation model based on Brownian Bridge Diffusion Models (BBDM), which synthesizes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences from 2D axial slices. Our approach integrates a variational encoder-guided diffusion mechanism, leveraging probabilistic image distributions to enhance synthesis quality. Evaluated on the BraTS 2021 dataset, our Probabilistic-BBDM (Prob-BBDM) achieves superior performance across multiple translation tasks, reaching up to 88.46% SSIM and 26.09 dB PSNR, with consistent improvements over baselines. Notably, our diffusion process requires only 4 steps, making it computationally efficient while maintaining high-quality synthesis. To further validate generalizability, we test Prob-BBDM on an external third-party dataset, demonstrating consistent performance across domains. Additionally, we assess the clinical utility of the synthesized slices by using them as input to a pre-trained segmentation model. Tumor segmentation yields a Dice score of 88.71% and an HD95 of 3.49 mm, confirming that the synthesized slices preserve critical diagnostic information. These results highlight the potential of Prob-BBDM for high-quality, efficient, and generalizable MRI synthesis, offering a promising step toward improved medical image translation.

Théo Biardeau, Anne-Sophie Capelle-Laizé, Salwan Alwan et al.

While autonomous rovers have become indispensable to precision farming, achieving consistent operational safety remains a critical challenge. Conventional safety sensors, such as LiDAR, fail to detect obstacles positioned below the plant canopy, posing a significant risk. While camera-based supervised learning methods can detect common objects, they perform poorly when faced with obstacles that were not present in their training data. Actual unsupervised anomaly detection offers a solution by learning the normal visual patterns of an environment, but often fails for the dynamic scenes captured by a moving rover.\\ This paper introduces Video Memory Transformers for Anomaly Detection (VMTAD), a fully unsupervised method designed for real-time obstacle detection in dynamic agricultural scenes. VMTAD utilizes a transformer-driven architecture augmented with a dedicated memory module. This memory module leverages temporal context by processing encoded representations of preceding frames. This approach enables the system to effectively address the dynamic context caused by the robot's movement. The model is trained using only images that represent normal operation, requiring no data labels.\\ VMTAD was rigorously evaluated on the 'Grillion' agricultural rover. On a challenging rapeseed dataset, VMTAD achieved state-of-the-art performance, reaching a 0.973 detection and 0.997 segmentation Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve. A lightweight variant provides an optimal balance of high accuracy and real-time inference (14 ms), which is critical for safety, as confirmed by our analysis of the rover's total stopping distance.

Adrien Raison, Pascal Bourdon, David Helbert

The explainability of deep networks is becoming a central issue in the deep learning community. It is the same for learning on graphs, a data structure present in many real world problems. In this paper, we propose a method that is more optimal, lighter, consistent and better exploits the topology of the evaluated graph than the state-of-the-art methods.

Pierre Fayolle, Alexandre Bône, Noëlie Debs et al.

Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are widely used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to enhance lesion detection and characterisation, particularly in the field of neuro-oncology. Nevertheless, concerns regarding gadolinium retention and accumulation in brain and body tissues, most notably for diseases that require close monitoring and frequent GBCA injection, have led to the need for strategies to reduce dosage. In this study, a deep learning framework is proposed for the virtual contrast enhancement of full-dose post-contrast T1-weighted MRI images from corresponding low-dose acquisitions. The contribution of the presented model is its utilisation of longitudinal information, which is achieved by incorporating a prior full-dose MRI examination from the same patient. A comparative evaluation against a non-longitudinal single session model demonstrated that the longitudinal approach significantly improves image quality across multiple reconstruction metrics. Furthermore, experiments with varying simulated contrast doses confirmed the robustness of the proposed method. These results emphasize the potential of integrating prior imaging history into deep learning-based virtual contrast enhancement pipelines to reduce GBCA usage without compromising diagnostic utility, thus paving the way for safer, more sustainable longitudinal monitoring in clinical MRI practice.

S. Rousseau, D. Helbert, P. Carré et al.

We introduce a new constrained minimization problem that performs template and pattern detection on a multispectral image in a compressive sensing context. We use an original minimization problem from Guo and Osher that uses $L_1$ minimization techniques to perform template detection in a multispectral image. We first adapt this minimization problem to work with compressive sensing data. Then we extend it to perform pattern detection using a formal transform called the spectralization along a pattern. That extension brings out the problem of measurement reconstruction. We introduce shifted measurements that allow us to reconstruct all the measurement with a small overhead and we give an optimality constraint for simple patterns. We present numerical results showing the performances of the original minimization problem and the compressed ones with different measurement rates and applied on remotely sensed data.