Guangwei Zhang

Yu Feng, Zhen Tian, Yifan Zhu et al.

The key challenge of cross-modal domain-incremental learning (DIL) is to enable the learning model to continuously learn from novel data with different feature distributions under the same task without forgetting old ones. However, existing top-performing methods still cause high forgetting rates, by lacking intra-domain knowledge extraction and inter-domain common prompting strategy. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective framework, CP-Prompt, by training limited parameters to instruct a pre-trained model to learn new domains and avoid forgetting existing feature distributions. CP-Prompt captures intra-domain knowledge by compositionally inserting personalized prompts on multi-head self-attention layers and then learns the inter-domain knowledge with a common prompting strategy. CP-Prompt shows superiority compared with state-of-the-art baselines among three widely evaluated DIL tasks. The source code is available at https://github.com/dannis97500/CP_Prompt.

Arun Vignesh Malarkkan, Manan Roy Choudhury, Guangwei Zhang et al.

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to financial analysis, yet their ability to audit structured financial statements under explicit accounting principles remains poorly explored. Existing benchmarks primarily evaluate question answering, numerical reasoning, or anomaly detection on synthetically corrupted data, making it unclear whether models can reliably verify or localize rule compliance on correct financial statements. We introduce FinRule-Bench, a benchmark for evaluating diagnostic completeness in rule-based financial reasoning over real-world financial tables. FinRule-Bench pairs ground-truth financial statements with explicit, human-curated accounting principles and spans four canonical statement types: Balance Sheets, Cash Flow Statements, Income Statements, and Statements of Equity. The benchmark defines three auditing tasks that require progressively stronger reasoning capabilities: (i) rule verification, which tests compliance with a single principle; (ii) rule identification, which requires selecting the violated principle from a provided rule set; and (iii) joint rule diagnosis, which requires detecting and localizing multiple simultaneous violations at the record level. We evaluate LLMs under zero-shot and few-shot prompting, and introduce a causal-counterfactual reasoning protocol that enforces consistency between decisions, explanations, and counterfactual judgments. Across tasks and statement types, we find that while models perform well on isolated rule verification, performance degrades sharply for rule discrimination and multi-violation diagnosis. FinRule-Bench provides a principled and reproducible testbed for studying rule-governed reasoning, diagnostic coverage, and failure modes of LLMs in high-stakes financial analysis.

Songlin Xu, Guanjie Wang, Ziyuan Fang et al.

We present HeadText, a hands-free technique on a smart earpiece for text entry by motion sensing. Users input text utilizing only 7 head gestures for key selection, word selection, word commitment and word cancelling tasks. Head gesture recognition is supported by motion sensing on a smart earpiece to capture head moving signals and machine learning algorithms (K-Nearest-Neighbor (KNN) with a Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) distance measurement). A 10-participant user study proved that HeadText could recognize 7 head gestures at an accuracy of 94.29%. After that, the second user study presented that HeadText could achieve a maximum accuracy of 10.65 WPM and an average accuracy of 9.84 WPM for text entry. Finally, we demonstrate potential applications of HeadText in hands-free scenarios for (a). text entry of people with motor impairments, (b). private text entry, and (c). socially acceptable text entry.

Yu Feng, Yangli-ao Geng, Yifan Zhu et al.

Federated learning (FL) has gained widespread attention for its privacy-preserving and collaborative learning capabilities. Due to significant statistical heterogeneity, traditional FL struggles to generalize a shared model across diverse data domains. Personalized federated learning addresses this issue by dividing the model into a globally shared part and a locally private part, with the local model correcting representation biases introduced by the global model. Nevertheless, locally converged parameters more accurately capture domain-specific knowledge, and current methods overlook the potential benefits of these parameters. To address these limitations, we propose PM-MoE architecture. This architecture integrates a mixture of personalized modules and an energy-based personalized modules denoising, enabling each client to select beneficial personalized parameters from other clients. We applied the PM-MoE architecture to nine recent model-split-based personalized federated learning algorithms, achieving performance improvements with minimal additional training. Extensive experiments on six widely adopted datasets and two heterogeneity settings validate the effectiveness of our approach. The source code is available at \url{https://github.com/dannis97500/PM-MOE}.

Guangwei Zhang, Jianing Zhu, Cheng Qian et al.

We present Copyright Detective, the first interactive forensic system for detecting, analyzing, and visualizing potential copyright risks in LLM outputs. The system treats copyright infringement versus compliance as an evidence discovery process rather than a static classification task due to the complex nature of copyright law. It integrates multiple detection paradigms, including content recall testing, paraphrase-level similarity analysis, persuasive jailbreak probing, and unlearning verification, within a unified and extensible framework. Through interactive prompting, response collection, and iterative workflows, our system enables systematic auditing of verbatim memorization and paraphrase-level leakage, supporting responsible deployment and transparent evaluation of LLM copyright risks even with black-box access.

Jianpeng Zhao, Chenyu Yuan, Weiming Luo et al.

Questionnaire-based surveys are foundational to social science research and public policymaking, yet traditional survey methods remain costly, time-consuming, and often limited in scale. This paper explores a new paradigm: simulating virtual survey respondents using Large Language Models (LLMs). We introduce two novel simulation settings, namely Partial Attribute Simulation (PAS) and Full Attribute Simulation (FAS), to systematically evaluate the ability of LLMs to generate accurate and demographically coherent responses. In PAS, the model predicts missing attributes based on partial respondent profiles, whereas FAS involves generating complete synthetic datasets under both zero-context and context-enhanced conditions. We curate a comprehensive benchmark suite, LLM-S^3 (Large Language Model-based Sociodemographic Survey Simulation), that spans 11 real-world public datasets across four sociological domains. Our evaluation of multiple mainstream LLMs (GPT-3.5/4 Turbo, LLaMA 3.0/3.1-8B) reveals consistent trends in prediction performance, highlights failure modes, and demonstrates how context and prompt design impact simulation fidelity. This work establishes a rigorous foundation for LLM-driven survey simulations, offering scalable and cost-effective tools for sociological research and policy evaluation. Our code and dataset are available at: https://github.com/dart-lab-research/LLM-S-Cube-Benchmark

Guangwei Zhang, Qisheng Su, Jiateng Liu et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Natural Language Processing (NLP) but pose risks of inadvertently exposing copyrighted or proprietary data, especially when such data is used for training but not intended for distribution. Traditional methods address these leaks only after content is generated, which can lead to the exposure of sensitive information. This study introduces a proactive approach: examining LLMs' internal states before text generation to detect potential leaks. By using a curated dataset of copyrighted materials, we trained a neural network classifier to identify risks, allowing for early intervention by stopping the generation process or altering outputs to prevent disclosure. Integrated with a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system, this framework ensures adherence to copyright and licensing requirements while enhancing data privacy and ethical standards. Our results show that analyzing internal states effectively mitigates the risk of copyrighted data leakage, offering a scalable solution that fits smoothly into AI workflows, ensuring compliance with copyright regulations while maintaining high-quality text generation. The implementation is available on GitHub.\footnote{https://github.com/changhu73/Internal_states_leakage}

Guangwei Zhang

The capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have opened new frontiers for interacting with complex, domain-specific knowledge. However, prevailing methods like Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and general-purpose Agentic AI, while powerful, often struggle with tasks that demand deep, procedural, and methodological reasoning inherent to expert domains. RAG provides factual context but fails to convey logical frameworks; autonomous agents can be inefficient and unpredictable without domain-specific heuristics. To bridge this gap, we introduce Knowledge Protocol Engineering (KPE), a new paradigm focused on systematically translating human expert knowledge, often expressed in natural language documents, into a machine-executable Knowledge Protocol (KP). KPE shifts the focus from merely augmenting LLMs with fragmented information to endowing them with a domain's intrinsic logic, operational strategies, and methodological principles. We argue that a well-engineered Knowledge Protocol allows a generalist LLM to function as a specialist, capable of decomposing abstract queries and executing complex, multi-step tasks. This position paper defines the core principles of KPE, differentiates it from related concepts, and illustrates its potential applicability across diverse fields such as law and bioinformatics, positing it as a foundational methodology for the future of human-AI collaboration.