Stan Fris

Stan Fris, Jan Hutter, Jan Henrik Bertrand et al.

Conversational Search (CS) considers retrieval of relevant documents based on conversational context. Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced CS by enabling effective query rewriting. However, employing LLMs during inference poses efficiency challenges. A method to balance effectiveness and efficiency is the use of knowledge distillation from LLM-based query rewriting. Recent work applies the Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD) for distillation, relaxing the alignment with the teacher signal compared to previous methods. Despite these gains, several aspects of KLD-based distillation for conversational search remain understudied, and we investigate them in this work. Prior work in related fields suggests that adding a contrastive loss to the KLD objective can improve performance; we confirm this and observe significant gains in precision-oriented ranking metrics. We also find that contrastive sampling strategies for the KLD loss have a non-trivial impact and must be chosen carefully. Although theory suggests that more samples improve the KLD estimate, experiments show diminishing returns on the number of used samples. Finally, we address the phenomenon of decreased sparsity in longer conversations, which limits computational efficiency across sparse retrieval methods. We find that the representations from the model distilled with the KLD loss can be strongly regularized with a regularization loss, substantially improving sparsity and inference efficiency without significantly harming retrieval effectiveness. We achieve a $2\times$ decrease in FLOPS on TopiOCQA with negligible loss in effectiveness, corresponding to a $\leq 2%$ drop in Recall@100. Our results provide insights into distillation objectives for learned sparse conversational retrievers and offer practical guidelines for improving effectiveness and efficiency in first-stage retrieval.

Jan Hutter, Hua Chang Bakker, Stan Fris et al.

In sequential recommendation (SR), the self-attention mechanism of Transformer-based models acts as a low-pass filter, limiting their ability to capture high-frequency signals that reflect short-term user interests. To overcome this, BSARec augments the Transformer encoder with a frequency layer that rescales high-frequency components using the Fourier transform. However, the overall effectiveness of BSARec and the roles of its individual components have yet to be systematically validated. We reproduce BSARec and show that it outperforms other SR methods on some datasets. To empirically assess whether BSARec improves performance on high-frequency signals, we propose a metric to quantify user history frequency and evaluate SR methods across different user groups. We compare digital signal processing (DSP) techniques and find that the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) offer only slight improvements over Fourier transforms, and DSP methods provide no clear advantage over simple residual connections. Finally, we explore padding strategies and find that non-constant padding significantly improves recommendation performance, whereas constant padding hinders the frequency rescaler's ability to capture high-frequency signals.

Hua Chang Bakker, Stan Fris, Angela Madelon Bernardy et al.

We investigated the reproducibility of FairCLIP, proposed by Luo et al. (2024), for improving the group fairness of CLIP (Radford et al., 2021) by minimizing image-text similarity score disparities across sensitive groups using the Sinkhorn distance. The experimental setup of Luo et al. (2024) was reproduced to primarily investigate the research findings for FairCLIP. The model description by Luo et al. (2024) was found to differ from the original implementation. Therefore, a new implementation, A-FairCLIP, is introduced to examine specific design choices. Furthermore, FairCLIP+ is proposed to extend the FairCLIP objective to include multiple attributes. Additionally, the impact of the distance minimization on FairCLIP's fairness and performance was explored. In alignment with the original authors, CLIP was found to be biased towards certain demographics when applied to zero-shot glaucoma classification using medical scans and clinical notes from the Harvard-FairVLMed dataset. However, the experimental results on two datasets do not support their claim that FairCLIP improves the performance and fairness of CLIP. Although the regularization objective reduces Sinkhorn distances, both the official implementation and the aligned implementation, A-FairCLIP, were not found to improve performance nor fairness in zero-shot glaucoma classification.