Ming‐Yi Shen

Yubo Wang, Marie Fridberg, Anirejuoritse Bafor et al.

Pin sites represent the interface where a metal pin or wire from the external environment passes through the skin into the internal environment of the limb. These pins or wires connect an external fixator to the bone to stabilize the bone segments in a patient with trauma or deformity. Because these pin sites represent an opportunity for external skin flora to enter the internal environment of the limb, infections of the pin site are common. These pin site infections are painful, annoying, and cause increased morbidity to the patients. Improving the identification and management of pin site infections would greatly enhance the patient experience when external fixators are used. For this, this paper collects and produces a dataset on pin sites wound infections and proposes a deep learning (DL) method to classify pin sites images based on their appearance: Group A displayed signs of inflammation or infection, while Group B showed no evident complications. Unlike studies that primarily focus on open wounds, our research includes potential interventions at the metal pin/skin interface. Our attention-based deep learning model addresses this complexity by emphasizing relevant regions and minimizing distractions from the pins. Moreover, we introduce an Efficient Redundant Reconstruction Convolution (ERRC) method to enhance the richness of feature maps while reducing the number of parameters. Our model outperforms baseline methods with an AUC of 0.975 and an F1-score of 0.927, requiring only 5.77 M parameters. These results highlight the potential of DL in differentiating pin sites only based on visual signs of infection, aligning with healthcare professional assessments, while further validation with more data remains essential.

Xiao Ye, Jacob Dineen, Zhaonan Li et al.

Medical Large language models achieve strong scores on standard benchmarks; however, the transfer of those results to safe and reliable performance in clinical workflows remains a challenge. This survey reframes evaluation through a levels-of-autonomy lens (L0-L3), spanning informational tools, information transformation and aggregation, decision support, and supervised agents. We align existing benchmarks and metrics with the actions permitted at each level and their associated risks, making the evaluation targets explicit. This motivates a level-conditioned blueprint for selecting metrics, assembling evidence, and reporting claims, alongside directions that link evaluation to oversight. By centering autonomy, the survey moves the field beyond score-based claims toward credible, risk-aware evidence for real clinical use.