Igor L. Markov

Igor L. Markov

Reinforcement learning (RL) for physical design of silicon chips in a Google 2021 Nature paper stirred controversy due to poorly documented claims that raised eyebrows and drew critical media coverage. The paper withheld critical methodology steps and most inputs needed to reproduce results. Our meta-analysis shows how two separate evaluations filled in the gaps and demonstrated that Google RL lags behind (i) human designers, (ii) a well-known algorithm (Simulated Annealing), and (iii) generally-available commercial software, while being slower; and in a 2023 open research contest, RL methods weren't in top 5. Crosschecked data indicate that the integrity of the Nature paper is substantially undermined owing to errors in conduct, analysis and reporting. Before publishing, Google rebuffed internal allegations of fraud, which still stand. We note policy implications and conclusions for chip design.

Igor L. Markov, Pavlos A. Apostolopoulos, Mia R. Garrard et al.

ML platforms help enable intelligent data-driven applications and maintain them with limited engineering effort. Upon sufficiently broad adoption, such platforms reach economies of scale that bring greater component reuse while improving efficiency of system development and maintenance. For an end-to-end ML platform with broad adoption, scaling relies on pervasive ML automation and system integration to reach the quality we term self-serve that we define with ten requirements and six optional capabilities. With this in mind, we identify long-term goals for platform development, discuss related tradeoffs and future work. Our reasoning is illustrated on two commercially-deployed end-to-end ML platforms that host hundreds of real-time use cases -- one general-purpose and one specialized.

Chung-Wei Lee, Pavlos Athanasios Apostolopulos, Igor L. Markov

For tabular data sets, we explore data and model distillation, as well as data denoising. These techniques improve both gradient-boosting models and a specialized DNN architecture. While gradient boosting is known to outperform DNNs on tabular data, we close the gap for datasets with 100K+ rows and give DNNs an advantage on small data sets. We extend these results with input-data distillation and optimized ensembling to help DNN performance match or exceed that of gradient boosting. As a theoretical justification of our practical method, we prove its equivalence to classical cross-entropy knowledge distillation. We also qualitatively explain the superiority of DNN ensembles over XGBoost on small data sets. For an industry end-to-end real-time ML platform with 4M production inferences per second, we develop a model-training workflow based on data sampling that distills ensembles of models into a single gradient-boosting model favored for high-performance real-time inference, without performance loss. Empirical evaluation shows that the proposed combination of methods consistently improves model accuracy over prior best models across several production applications deployed worldwide.

Masoud Mohseni, Artur Scherer, K. Grace Johnson et al.

In the span of four decades, quantum computation has evolved from an intellectual curiosity to a potentially realizable technology. Today, small-scale demonstrations have become possible for quantum algorithmic primitives on hundreds of physical qubits and proof-of-principle error-correction on a single logical qubit. Nevertheless, despite significant progress and excitement, the path toward a full-stack scalable technology is largely unknown. There are significant outstanding quantum hardware, fabrication, software architecture, and algorithmic challenges that are either unresolved or overlooked. These issues could seriously undermine the arrival of utility-scale quantum computers for the foreseeable future. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of these scaling challenges. We show how the road to scaling could be paved by adopting existing semiconductor technology to build much higher-quality qubits, employing system engineering approaches, and performing distributed quantum computation within heterogeneous high-performance computing infrastructures. These opportunities for research and development could unlock certain promising applications, in particular, efficient quantum simulation/learning of quantum data generated by natural or engineered quantum systems. To estimate the true cost of such promises, we provide a detailed resource and sensitivity analysis for classically hard quantum chemistry calculations on surface-code error-corrected quantum computers given current, target, and desired hardware specifications based on superconducting qubits, accounting for a realistic distribution of errors. Furthermore, we argue that, to tackle industry-scale classical optimization and machine learning problems in a cost-effective manner, heterogeneous quantum-probabilistic computing with custom-designed accelerators should be considered as a complementary path toward scalability.

Qiang Xu, Leon Stok, Rolf Drechsler et al.

Recent breakthroughs in Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Circuit Models (LCMs) have sparked excitement across the electronic design automation (EDA) community, promising a revolution in circuit design and optimization. Yet, this excitement is met with significant skepticism: Are these AI models a genuine revolution in circuit design, or a temporary wave of inflated expectations? This paper serves as a foundational text for the corresponding ICCAD 2025 panel, bringing together perspectives from leading experts in academia and industry. It critically examines the practical capabilities, fundamental limitations, and future prospects of large AI models in hardware design. The paper synthesizes the core arguments surrounding reliability, scalability, and interpretability, framing the debate on whether these models can meaningfully outperform or complement traditional EDA methods. The result is an authoritative overview offering fresh insights into one of today's most contentious and impactful technology trends.

Igor L. Markov, Hanson Wang, Nitya Kasturi et al.

Modern software systems and products increasingly rely on machine learning models to make data-driven decisions based on interactions with users, infrastructure and other systems. For broader adoption, this practice must (i) accommodate product engineers without ML backgrounds, (ii) support finegrain product-metric evaluation and (iii) optimize for product goals. To address shortcomings of prior platforms, we introduce general principles for and the architecture of an ML platform, Looper, with simple APIs for decision-making and feedback collection. Looper covers the end-to-end ML lifecycle from collecting training data and model training to deployment and inference, and extends support to personalization, causal evaluation with heterogenous treatment effects, and Bayesian tuning for product goals. During the 2021 production deployment Looper simultaneously hosted 440-1,000 ML models that made 4-6 million real-time decisions per second. We sum up experiences of platform adopters and describe their learning curve.

Nitya Kasturi, Igor L. Markov

A well-known but rarely used approach to text categorization uses conditional entropy estimates computed using data compression tools. Text affinity scores derived from compressed sizes can be used for classification and ranking tasks, but their success depends on the compression tools used. We use the Zstandard compressor and strengthen these ideas in several ways, calling the resulting language-agnostic technique Zest. In applications, this approach simplifies configuration, avoiding careful feature extraction and large ML models. Our ablation studies confirm the value of individual enhancements we introduce. We show that Zest complements and can compete with language-specific multidimensional content embeddings in production, but cannot outperform other counting methods on public datasets.

Graham Cormode, Igor L. Markov

Private data generated by edge devices -- from smart phones to automotive electronics -- are highly informative when aggregated but can be damaging when mishandled. A variety of solutions are being explored but have not yet won the public's trust and full backing of mobile platforms. In this work, we propose numerical aggregation protocols that empirically improve upon prior art, while providing comparable local differential privacy guarantees. Sharing a single private bit per value supports privacy metering that enable privacy controls and guarantees that are not covered by differential privacy. We put emphasis on the ease of implementation, compatibility with existing methods, and compelling empirical performance.

Igor L. Markov, Jacqueline Liu, Adam Vagner

Text classifiers are at the core of many NLP applications and use a variety of algorithmic approaches and software. This paper introduces infrastructure and methodologies for text classifiers based on large-scale regular expressions. In particular, we describe how Facebook determines if a given piece of text - anything from a hashtag to a post - belongs to a narrow topic such as COVID-19. To fully define a topic and evaluate classifier performance we employ human-guided iterations of keyword discovery, but do not require labeled data. For COVID-19, we build two sets of regular expressions: (1) for 66 languages, with 99% precision and recall >50%, (2) for the 11 most common languages, with precision >90% and recall >90%. Regular expressions enable low-latency queries from multiple platforms. Response to challenges like COVID-19 is fast and so are revisions. Comparisons to a DNN classifier show explainable results, higher precision and recall, and less overfitting. Our learnings can be applied to other narrow-topic classifiers.

Xiuyan Ni, Shujian Bu, Igor L. Markov

This work outlines how we prioritize original news, a critical indicator of news quality. By examining the landscape and life-cycle of news posts on our social media platform, we identify challenges of building and deploying an originality score. We pursue an approach based on normalized PageRank values and three-step clustering, and refresh the score on an hourly basis to capture the dynamics of online news. We describe a near real-time system architecture, evaluate our methodology, and deploy it to production. Our empirical results validate individual components and show that prioritizing original news increases user engagement with news and improves proprietary cumulative metrics.

Pavlos Athanasios Apostolopoulos, Zehui Wang, Hanson Wang et al.

Large-scale Web-based services present opportunities for improving UI policies based on observed user interactions. We address challenges of learning such policies through model-free offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) with off-policy training. Deployed in a production system for user authentication in a major social network, it significantly improves long-term objectives. We articulate practical challenges, compare several ML techniques, provide insights on training and evaluation of RL models, and discuss generalizations.

Igor L. Markov

The reviewed paper describes an analog device that empirically solves small instances of the NP-complete Subset Sum Problem (SSP). The authors claim that this device can solve the SSP in polynomial time using polynomial space, in principle, and observe no exponential scaling in resource requirements. We point out that (a) the properties ascribed by the authors to their device are insufficient to solve NP-complete problems in poly-time, (b) runtime analysis offered does not cover the spectral measurement step, (c) the overall technique requires exponentially increasing resources when scaled up because of the spectral measurement step.