Sebastian Müller, Isabel Amigo, Alexandre Reiffers-Masson et al.
In directed acyclic graph (DAG)-based distributed ledgers, unreferenced blocks (tips) form the backlog of a distributed queueing system. Each new block creates one tip and attempts to remove up to $k$ existing tips by referencing them. With heterogeneous propagation delays, these service decisions are made from delayed local information, so nodes may disagree on the backlog and some reference attempts are wasted. We study a continuous-time Poisson model with bounded heterogeneous delays and uniform tip selection. We prove that the embedded tip-configuration chain is irreducible, aperiodic, and positive Harris recurrent, and hence admits a unique stationary regime. The observer and local tip-pool sizes have stationary exponential moments, converge to their stationary limits, and satisfy almost-sure ergodic averages. We also derive a Little-type identity relating the stationary mean observer tip count to the mean time until a typical block is first referenced. Simulations are included as qualitative illustrations of the effects of delay variability and issuance heterogeneity.