Fengjunjie Pan

Nenad Petrovic, Vahid Zolfaghari, Fengjunjie Pan et al.

This paper presents LLM-empowered workflow to support Software Defined Vehicle (SDV) software development, covering the aspects of security-aware system topology design, as well as event-driven decision-making code analysis. For code analysis we adopt event chains model which provides formal foundations to systematic validation of functional safety, taking into account the semantic validity of messages exchanged between key components, including both CAN and Vehicle Signal Specification (VSS). Analysis of security aspects for topology relies on synergy with Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) approach and Object Constraint Language (OCL) rules. Both locally deployable and proprietary solution are taken into account for evaluation within Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS)-related scenarios.

Nenad Petrovic, Fengjunjie Pan, Krzysztof Lebioda et al.

We present a prototype of a tool leveraging the synergy of model driven engineering (MDE) and Large Language Models (LLM) for the purpose of software development process automation in the automotive industry. In this approach, the user-provided input is free form textual requirements, which are first translated to Ecore model instance representation using an LLM, which is afterwards checked for consistency using Object Constraint Language (OCL) rules. After successful consistency check, the model instance is fed as input to another LLM for the purpose of code generation. The generated code is evaluated in a simulated environment using CARLA simulator connected to an example centralized vehicle architecture, in an emergency brake scenario.

Vahid Zolfaghari, Nenad Petrovic, Fengjunjie Pan et al.

In this paper, we explore the integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) to enhance automated design and software development in the automotive industry. We present two case studies: a standardization compliance chatbot and a design copilot, both utilizing RAG to provide accurate, context-aware responses. We evaluate four LLMs-GPT-4o, LLAMA3, Mistral, and Mixtral -- comparing their answering accuracy and execution time. Our results demonstrate that while GPT-4 offers superior performance, LLAMA3 and Mistral also show promising capabilities for local deployment, addressing data privacy concerns in automotive applications. This study highlights the potential of RAG-augmented LLMs in improving design workflows and compliance in automotive engineering.

Nenad Petrovic, Yurui Zhang, Moaad Maaroufi et al.

Multimodal summarization integrating information from diverse data modalities presents a promising solution to aid the understanding of information within various processes. However, the application and advantages of multimodal summarization have not received much attention in model-based engineering (MBE), where it has become a cornerstone in the design and development of complex systems, leveraging formal models to improve understanding, validation and automation throughout the engineering lifecycle. UML and EMF diagrams in model-based engineering contain a large amount of multimodal information and intricate relational data. Hence, our study explores the application of multimodal large language models within the domain of model-based engineering to evaluate their capacity for understanding and identifying relationships, features, and functionalities embedded in UML and EMF diagrams. We aim to demonstrate the transformative potential benefits and limitations of multimodal summarization in improving productivity and accuracy in MBE practices. The proposed approach is evaluated within the context of automotive software development, while many promising state-of-art models were taken into account.

Krzysztof Lebioda, Viktor Vorobev, Nenad Petrovic et al.

We propose a novel model- and feature-based approach to development of vehicle software systems, where the end architecture is not explicitly defined. Instead, it emerges from an iterative process of search and optimization given certain constraints, requirements and hardware architecture, while retaining the property of single-system illusion, where applications run in a logically uniform environment. One of the key points of the presented approach is the inclusion of modern generative AI, specifically Large Language Models (LLMs), in the loop. With the recent advances in the field, we expect that the LLMs will be able to assist in processing of requirements, generation of formal system models, as well as generation of software deployment specification and test code. The resulting pipeline is automated to a large extent, with feedback being generated at each step.

Nenad Petrovic, Fengjunjie Pan, Vahid Zolfaghari et al.

In this paper, we introduce an automated approach to domain-specific metamodel construction relying on Large Language Model (LLM). The main focus is adoption in automotive domain. As outcome, a prototype was implemented as web service using Python programming language, while OpenAI's GPT-4o was used as the underlying LLM. Based on the initial experiments, this approach successfully constructs Ecore metamodel based on set of automotive requirements and visualizes it making use of PlantUML notation, so human experts can provide feedback in order to refine the result. Finally, locally deployable solution is also considered, including the limitations and additional steps required.

Nenad Petrovic, Fengjunjie Pan, Vahid Zolfaghari et al.

This paper introduces a GenAI-empowered approach to automated development of automotive software, with emphasis on autonomous and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) capabilities. The process starts with requirements as input, while the main generated outputs are test scenario code for simulation environment, together with implementation of desired ADAS capabilities targeting hardware platform of the vehicle connected to testbench. Moreover, we introduce additional steps for requirements consistency checking leveraging Model-Driven Engineering (MDE). In the proposed workflow, Large Language Models (LLMs) are used for model-based summarization of requirements (Ecore metamodel, XMI model instance and OCL constraint creation), test scenario generation, simulation code (Python) and target platform code generation (C++). Additionally, Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is adopted to enhance test scenario generation from autonomous driving regulations-related documents. Our approach aims shorter compliance and re-engineering cycles, as well as reduced development and testing time when it comes to ADAS-related capabilities.

Nenad Petrovic, Norbert Kroth, Axel Torschmied et al.

This paper presents an event-chain-driven, LLM-empowered workflow for generating validated, automotive code from natural-language requirements. A Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) layer retrieves relevant signals from large and evolving Vehicle Signal Specification (VSS) catalogs as code generation prompt context, reducing hallucinations and ensuring architectural correctness. Retrieved signals are mapped and validated before being transformed into event chains that encode causal and timing constraints. These event chains guide and constrain LLM-based code synthesis, ensuring behavioral consistency and real-time feasibility. Based on our initial findings from the emergency braking case study, with the proposed approach, we managed to achieve valid signal usage and consistent code generation without LLM retraining.

Marc Pavel, Nenad Petrovic, Lukasz Mazur et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant potential in automating code generation tasks offering new opportunities across software engineering domains. However, their practical application remains limited due to hallucinations - outputs that appear plausible but are factually incorrect, unverifiable or nonsensical. This paper investigates hallucination phenomena in the context of code generation with a specific focus on the automotive domain. A case study is presented that evaluates multiple code LLMs for three different prompting complexities ranging from a minimal one-liner prompt to a prompt with Covesa Vehicle Signal Specifications (VSS) as additional context and finally to a prompt with an additional code skeleton. The evaluation reveals a high frequency of syntax violations, invalid reference errors and API knowledge conflicts in state-of-the-art models GPT-4.1, Codex and GPT-4o. Among the evaluated models, only GPT-4.1 and GPT-4o were able to produce a correct solution when given the most context-rich prompt. Simpler prompting strategies failed to yield a working result, even after multiple refinement iterations. These findings highlight the need for effective mitigation techniques to ensure the safe and reliable use of LLM generated code, especially in safety-critical domains such as automotive software systems.

Nenad Petrovic, Vahid Zolfaghari, Andre Schamschurko et al.

Adoption of state-of-art Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) aims to revolutionize many industrial areas by reducing the amount of human intervention needed and effort for handling complex underlying processes. Automotive software development is considered to be a significant area for GenAI adoption, taking into account lengthy and expensive procedures, resulting from the amount of requirements and strict standardization. In this paper, we explore the adoption of GenAI for various steps of automotive software development, mainly focusing on requirements handling, compliance aspects and code generation. Three GenAI-related technologies are covered within the state-of-art: Large Language Models (LLMs), Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG), Vision Language Models (VLMs), as well as overview of adopted prompting techniques in case of code generation. Additionally, we also derive a generalized GenAI-aided automotive software development workflow based on our findings from this literature review. Finally, we include a summary of a survey outcome, which was conducted among our automotive industry partners regarding the type of GenAI tools used for their daily work activities.