Hongliang He

Huachuan Qiu, Shuai Zhang, Anqi Li et al.

Considerable research efforts have been devoted to ensuring that large language models (LLMs) align with human values and generate safe text. However, an excessive focus on sensitivity to certain topics can compromise the model's robustness in following instructions, thereby impacting its overall performance in completing tasks. Previous benchmarks for jailbreaking LLMs have primarily focused on evaluating the safety of the models without considering their robustness. In this paper, we propose a benchmark that assesses both the safety and robustness of LLMs, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach. To comprehensively study text safety and output robustness, we introduce a latent jailbreak prompt dataset, each involving malicious instruction embedding. Specifically, we instruct the model to complete a regular task, such as translation, with the text to be translated containing malicious instructions. To further analyze safety and robustness, we design a hierarchical annotation framework. We present a systematic analysis of the safety and robustness of LLMs regarding the position of explicit normal instructions, word replacements (verbs in explicit normal instructions, target groups in malicious instructions, cue words for explicit normal instructions), and instruction replacements (different explicit normal instructions). Our results demonstrate that current LLMs not only prioritize certain instruction verbs but also exhibit varying jailbreak rates for different instruction verbs in explicit normal instructions. Code and data are available at https://github.com/qiuhuachuan/latent-jailbreak.

Huachuan Qiu, Hongliang He, Shuai Zhang et al.

Developing specialized dialogue systems for mental health support requires multi-turn conversation data, which has recently garnered increasing attention. However, gathering and releasing large-scale, real-life multi-turn conversations that could facilitate advancements in mental health support presents challenges in data privacy protection and the time and cost involved in crowdsourcing. To address these challenges, we introduce SMILE, a single-turn to multi-turn inclusive language expansion technique that prompts ChatGPT to rewrite public single-turn dialogues into multi-turn ones. Our work begins by analyzing language transformation and validating the feasibility of our proposed method. We conduct a study on dialogue diversity, including lexical features, semantic features, and dialogue topics, demonstrating the effectiveness of our method. Further, we employ our method to generate a large-scale, lifelike, and diverse dialogue dataset named SMILECHAT, consisting of 55k dialogues. Finally, we utilize the collected corpus to develop a mental health chatbot, MeChat. To better assess the quality of SMILECHAT, we collect a small-scale real-life counseling dataset conducted by data anonymization. Both automatic and human evaluations demonstrate significant improvements in our dialogue system and confirm that SMILECHAT is high-quality. Code, data, and model are publicly available at https://github.com/qiuhuachuan/smile.

Huachuan Qiu, Tong Zhao, Anqi Li et al.

Dialogue safety remains a pervasive challenge in open-domain human-machine interaction. Existing approaches propose distinctive dialogue safety taxonomies and datasets for detecting explicitly harmful responses. However, these taxonomies may not be suitable for analyzing response safety in mental health support. In real-world interactions, a model response deemed acceptable in casual conversations might have a negligible positive impact on users seeking mental health support. To address these limitations, this paper aims to develop a theoretically and factually grounded taxonomy that prioritizes the positive impact on help-seekers. Additionally, we create a benchmark corpus with fine-grained labels for each dialogue session to facilitate further research. We analyze the dataset using popular language models, including BERT-base, RoBERTa-large, and ChatGPT, to detect and understand unsafe responses within the context of mental health support. Our study reveals that ChatGPT struggles to detect safety categories with detailed safety definitions in a zero- and few-shot paradigm, whereas the fine-tuned model proves to be more suitable. The developed dataset and findings serve as valuable benchmarks for advancing research on dialogue safety in mental health support, with significant implications for improving the design and deployment of conversation agents in real-world applications. We release our code and data here: https://github.com/qiuhuachuan/DialogueSafety.

Shuai Zhang, Huachuan Qiu, Hongliang He et al.

Speculative decoding accelerates inference by having a lightweight drafter propose tokens verified in parallel by the target language model. Block diffusion drafters such as DFlash generate an entire draft block in one pass, yielding per-position marginals; DDTree uses these to build a candidate tree that maximizes expected acceptance length under a fixed node budget. We observe, however, that acceptance length is non-decreasing in budget: it always favors larger trees regardless of verification cost, offering no principled basis for budget selection. We introduce \textbf{CaDDTree} (Cost-aware Diffusion Draft Tree), a method that directly optimizes token throughput (expected tokens generated per unit time) by jointly selecting the tree structure and node budget. We model draft and verification latencies explicitly, show that the throughput objective decomposes into a per-round one-dimensional search over the budget, and prove that under a convex verification cost the throughput function is \emph{unimodal}, enabling an efficient greedy stopping rule. CaDDTree requires no offline budget search, adapting the budget each round from the current per-position distributions and verification cost. Experiments on Qwen3-4B and Qwen3-8B across eight benchmarks spanning reasoning, coding, and instruction-following tasks show that \caDDTree{} matches or surpasses DDTree with oracle budget selection on nearly all tasks.

Qi Li, Xinran Zhang, Jinfeng Huang et al.

While Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) excel in general multimodal tasks, they lack the domain-specific knowledge for industrial vibration signal analysis. This paper introduces VSLLaVA, a comprehensive pipeline that utilizes expert knowledge-guided instruction tuning and evaluation to create an end-to-end LMM for signal analysis. To achieve this, we construct a novel Signal-Question-Answer (SQA) dataset using an expert rule-based signal generator. This dataset facilitates a two-stage learning procedure. The first step is efficient instruction fine-tuning with Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), which imparts specialized signal identification capabilities. Subsequently, we designed a tailored Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) to refine the reasoning capabilities and enhance classification robustness. Then, a dual-mode evaluation framework is proposed, combining an LLM referee with expert rules for semantic assessment using quantitative metrics for numerical and textual accuracy, which reveals that VSLLaVA significantly improves performance in signal type identification and parameter analysis, and makes progress in the identification and parameter analysis of fault-related signals. This research demonstrates a viable approach for developing specialized foundational models for complex industrial applications and marks a transition from conventional task-specific systems to a cohesive, interactive foundational model.

Anqi Li, Lizhi Ma, Yaling Mei et al.

Communication success relies heavily on reading participants' reactions. Such feedback is especially important for mental health counselors, who must carefully consider the client's progress and adjust their approach accordingly. However, previous NLP research on counseling has mainly focused on studying counselors' intervention strategies rather than their clients' reactions to the intervention. This work aims to fill this gap by developing a theoretically grounded annotation framework that encompasses counselors' strategies and client reaction behaviors. The framework has been tested against a large-scale, high-quality text-based counseling dataset we collected over the past two years from an online welfare counseling platform. Our study shows how clients react to counselors' strategies, how such reactions affect the final counseling outcomes, and how counselors can adjust their strategies in response to these reactions. We also demonstrate that this study can help counselors automatically predict their clients' states.

Anqi Li, Jingsong Ma, Lizhi Ma et al.

Automated real-time evaluation of counselor-client interaction is important for ensuring quality counseling but the rules are difficult to articulate. Recent advancements in machine learning methods show the possibility of learning such rules automatically. However, these methods often demand large scale and high quality counseling data, which are difficult to collect. To address this issue, we build an online counseling platform, which allows professional psychotherapists to provide free counseling services to those are in need. In exchange, we collect the counseling transcripts. Within a year of its operation, we manage to get one of the largest set of (675) transcripts of counseling sessions. To further leverage the valuable data we have, we label our dataset using both coarse- and fine-grained labels and use a set of pretraining techniques. In the end, we are able to achieve practically useful accuracy in both labeling system.

Huachuan Qiu, Shuai Zhang, Hongliang He et al.

NSFW (Not Safe for Work) content, in the context of a dialogue, can have severe side effects on users in open-domain dialogue systems. However, research on detecting NSFW language, especially sexually explicit content, within a dialogue context has significantly lagged behind. To address this issue, we introduce CensorChat, a dialogue monitoring dataset aimed at NSFW dialogue detection. Leveraging knowledge distillation techniques involving GPT-4 and ChatGPT, this dataset offers a cost-effective means of constructing NSFW content detectors. The process entails collecting real-life human-machine interaction data and breaking it down into single utterances and single-turn dialogues, with the chatbot delivering the final utterance. ChatGPT is employed to annotate unlabeled data, serving as a training set. Rationale validation and test sets are constructed using ChatGPT and GPT-4 as annotators, with a self-criticism strategy for resolving discrepancies in labeling. A BERT model is fine-tuned as a text classifier on pseudo-labeled data, and its performance is assessed. The study emphasizes the importance of AI systems prioritizing user safety and well-being in digital conversations while respecting freedom of expression. The proposed approach not only advances NSFW content detection but also aligns with evolving user protection needs in AI-driven dialogues.

Xiaohan Ren, Chenxiao Fan, Wenyin Ma et al.

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance on medical exam-style tasks, motivating growing interest in their deployment in real-world clinical settings. However, clinical decision-making is inherently safety-critical, context-dependent, and conducted under evolving evidence. In such situations, reliable LLM performance depends not on factual recall alone, but on robust medical reasoning. In this work, we present a comprehensive review of medical reasoning with LLMs. Grounded in cognitive theories of clinical reasoning, we conceptualize medical reasoning as an iterative process of abduction, deduction, and induction, and organize existing methods into seven major technical routes spanning training-based and training-free approaches. We further conduct a unified cross-benchmark evaluation of representative medical reasoning models under a consistent experimental setting, enabling a more systematic and comparable assessment of the empirical impact of existing methods. To better assess clinically grounded reasoning, we introduce MR-Bench, a benchmark derived from real-world hospital data. Evaluations on MR-Bench expose a pronounced gap between exam-level performance and accuracy on authentic clinical decision tasks. Overall, this survey provides a unified view of existing medical reasoning methods, benchmarks, and evaluation practices, and highlights key gaps between current model performance and the requirements of real-world clinical reasoning.

Hongliang He, Wenlin Yao, Kaixin Ma et al. · tencent-ai

The rapid development of large language and multimodal models has sparked significant interest in using proprietary models, such as GPT-4o, to develop autonomous agents capable of handling real-world scenarios like web navigation. Although recent open-source efforts have tried to equip agents with the ability to explore environments and continuously improve over time, they are building text-only agents in synthetic environments where the reward signals are clearly defined. Such agents struggle to generalize to realistic settings that require multimodal perception abilities and lack ground-truth signals. In this paper, we introduce an open-source framework designed to facilitate the development of multimodal web agent that can autonomously conduct real-world exploration and improve itself. We first train the base model with imitation learning to gain the basic abilities. We then let the agent explore the open web and collect feedback on its trajectories. After that, it further improves its policy by learning from well-performing trajectories judged by another general-purpose model. This exploration-feedback-optimization cycle can continue for several iterations. Experimental results show that our web agent successfully improves itself after each iteration, demonstrating strong performance across multiple test sets.

Tiwei Bie, Maosong Cao, Xiang Cao et al.

While LLaDA2.0 showcased the scaling potential of 100B-level block-diffusion models and their inherent parallelization, the delicate equilibrium between decoding speed and generation quality has remained an elusive frontier. Today, we unveil LLaDA2.1, a paradigm shift designed to transcend this trade-off. By seamlessly weaving Token-to-Token (T2T) editing into the conventional Mask-to-Token (M2T) scheme, we introduce a joint, configurable threshold-decoding scheme. This structural innovation gives rise to two distinct personas: the Speedy Mode (S Mode), which audaciously lowers the M2T threshold to bypass traditional constraints while relying on T2T to refine the output; and the Quality Mode (Q Mode), which leans into conservative thresholds to secure superior benchmark performances with manageable efficiency degrade. Furthering this evolution, underpinned by an expansive context window, we implement the first large-scale Reinforcement Learning (RL) framework specifically tailored for dLLMs, anchored by specialized techniques for stable gradient estimation. This alignment not only sharpens reasoning precision but also elevates instruction-following fidelity, bridging the chasm between diffusion dynamics and complex human intent. We culminate this work by releasing LLaDA2.1-Mini (16B) and LLaDA2.1-Flash (100B). Across 33 rigorous benchmarks, LLaDA2.1 delivers strong task performance and lightning-fast decoding speed. Despite its 100B volume, on coding tasks it attains an astounding 892 TPS on HumanEval+, 801 TPS on BigCodeBench, and 663 TPS on LiveCodeBench.

Junlei Zhang, Hongliang He, Nirui Song et al.

The critical field of psychology necessitates a comprehensive benchmark to enhance the evaluation and development of domain-specific Large Language Models (LLMs). Existing MMLU-type benchmarks, such as C-EVAL and CMMLU, include psychology-related subjects, but their limited number of questions and lack of systematic concept sampling strategies mean they cannot cover the concepts required in psychology. Consequently, despite their broad subject coverage, these benchmarks lack the necessary depth in the psychology domain, making them inadequate as psychology-specific evaluation suite. To address this issue, this paper presents ConceptPsy, designed to evaluate Chinese complex reasoning and knowledge abilities in psychology. ConceptPsy includes 12 core subjects and 1383 manually collected concepts. Specifically, we prompt GPT-4 to generate questions for each concept using carefully designed diverse prompts and hire professional psychologists to review these questions. To help to understand the fine-grained performances and enhance the weaknesses, we annotate each question with a chapter label and provide chapter-wise accuracy. Based on ConceptPsy, we evaluate a broad range of LLMs. We observe that, although some LLMs achieve similar accuracies on overall performances, they exhibit significant performance variations across different psychology concepts, even when they are models from the same series. We hope our work can facilitate the development of LLMs in the field of psychology.

Yuhan Guo, Cong Guo, Aiwen Sun et al.

Multimodal large-scale models have significantly advanced the development of web agents, enabling perception and interaction with digital environments akin to human cognition. In this paper, we argue that web agents must first acquire sufficient knowledge to effectively engage in cognitive reasoning. Therefore, we decompose a web agent's capabilities into two essential stages: knowledge content learning and cognitive processes. To formalize this, we propose Web-CogKnowledge Framework, categorizing knowledge as Factual, Conceptual, and Procedural. In this framework, knowledge content learning corresponds to the agent's processes of Memorizing and Understanding, which rely on the first two knowledge types, representing the "what" of learning. Conversely, cognitive processes correspond to Exploring, grounded in Procedural knowledge, defining the "how" of reasoning and action. To facilitate knowledge acquisition, we construct the Web-CogDataset, a structured resource curated from 14 real-world websites, designed to systematically instill core knowledge necessary for web agent. This dataset serves as the agent's conceptual grounding-the "nouns" upon which comprehension is built-as well as the basis for learning how to reason and act. Building on this foundation, we operationalize these processes through a novel knowledge-driven Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning framework, developing and training our proposed agent, the Web-CogReasoner. Extensive experimentation reveals its significant superiority over existing models, especially in generalizing to unseen tasks where structured knowledge is decisive. To enable rigorous evaluation, we introduce the Web-CogBench, a comprehensive evaluation suite designed to assess and compare agent performance across the delineated knowledge domains and cognitive capabilities. Our code and data is open sourced at https://github.com/Gnonymous/Web-CogReasoner

Huachuan Qiu, Shuai Zhang, Hongliang He et al.

Pornographic content occurring in human-machine interaction dialogues can cause severe side effects for users in open-domain dialogue systems. However, research on detecting pornographic language within human-machine interaction dialogues is an important subject that is rarely studied. To advance in this direction, we introduce CensorChat, a dialogue monitoring dataset aimed at detecting whether the dialogue session contains pornographic content. To this end, we collect real-life human-machine interaction dialogues in the wild and break them down into single utterances and single-turn dialogues, with the last utterance spoken by the chatbot. We propose utilizing knowledge distillation of large language models to annotate the dataset. Specifically, first, the raw dataset is annotated by four open-source large language models, with the majority vote determining the label. Second, we use ChatGPT to update the empty label from the first step. Third, to ensure the quality of the validation and test sets, we utilize GPT-4 for label calibration. If the current label does not match the one generated by GPT-4, we employ a self-criticism strategy to verify its correctness. Finally, to facilitate the detection of pornographic text, we develop a series of text classifiers using a pseudo-labeled dataset. Detailed data analysis demonstrates that leveraging knowledge distillation techniques with large language models provides a practical and cost-efficient method for developing pornographic text detectors.

Kangyu Wang, Hongliang He, Lin Liu et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have ushered in a new era of AI capabilities, demonstrating near-human-level performance across diverse scenarios. While numerous benchmarks (e.g., MMLU) and leaderboards (e.g., Chatbot Arena) have been proposed to help evolve the development of LLMs and MLLMs, most rely on static datasets or crowdsourced general-domain prompts, often falling short of reflecting performance in real-world applications. To bridge this critical gap, we present Inclusion Arena, a live leaderboard that ranks models based on human feedback collected directly from AI-powered applications. Our platform integrates pairwise model comparisons into natural user interactions, ensuring evaluations reflect practical usage scenarios. For robust model ranking, we employ the Bradley-Terry model augmented with two key innovations: (1) Placement Matches, a cold-start mechanism to quickly estimate initial ratings for newly integrated models, and (2) Proximity Sampling, an intelligent comparison strategy that prioritizes battles between models of similar capabilities to maximize information gain and enhance rating stability. Extensive empirical analyses and simulations demonstrate that Inclusion Arena yields reliable and stable rankings, exhibits higher data transitivity compared to general crowdsourced datasets, and significantly mitigates the risk of malicious manipulation. By fostering an open alliance between foundation models and real-world applications, Inclusion Arena aims to accelerate the development of LLMs and MLLMs truly optimized for practical, user-centric deployments. The platform is publicly accessible at https://www.tbox.cn/about/model-ranking.

Lizhi Ma, Tong Zhao, Shuai Zhang et al.

This study explores the relationship between linguistic expressions and psychological states of depression and anxiety within Chinese psycho-counseling interactions, focusing specifically on the usage of first-person singular pronouns and negative emotional words. Utilizing a corpus derived from 735 online counseling sessions, the analysis employed a general linear mixed-effect model to assess linguistic patterns quantified by the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software. Results indicate a significant positive correlation between the frequency of negative emotional words and the severity of both depressive and anxious states among clients. However, contrary to prior findings predominantly derived from English-language contexts, the usage frequency of first-person singular pronouns did not vary significantly with the clients' psychological conditions. These outcomes are discussed within the framework of cultural distinctions between collectivist Chinese contexts and individualistic Western settings, as well as the interactive dynamics unique to psycho-counseling conversations. The findings highlight the nuanced influence of cultural and conversational contexts on language use in mental health communications, providing insights into psycholinguistic markers relevant to therapeutic practices in Chinese-speaking populations.

Liying Xu, Hongliang He, Wei Han et al.

Nuclear instance segmentation and classification provide critical quantitative foundations for digital pathology diagnosis. With the advent of the foundational Segment Anything Model (SAM), the accuracy and efficiency of nuclear segmentation have improved significantly. However, SAM imposes a strong reliance on precise prompts, and its class-agnostic design renders its classification results entirely dependent on the provided prompts. Therefore, we focus on generating prompts with more accurate localization and classification and propose \textbf{APSeg}, \textbf{A}uto-\textbf{P}rompt model with acquired and injected knowledge for nuclear instance \textbf{Seg}mentation and classification. APSeg incorporates two knowledge-aware modules: (1) Distribution-Guided Proposal Offset Module (\textbf{DG-POM}), which learns distribution knowledge through density map guided, and (2) Category Knowledge Semantic Injection Module (\textbf{CK-SIM}), which injects morphological knowledge derived from category descriptions. We conducted extensive experiments on the PanNuke and CoNSeP datasets, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach. The code will be released upon acceptance.

Lirui Qi, Hongliang He, Tong Wang et al.

Nuclear instance segmentation plays a vital role in disease diagnosis within digital pathology. However, limited labeled data in pathological images restricts the overall performance of nuclear instance segmentation. To tackle this challenge, we propose a novel data augmentation framework Instance Migration Diffusion Model (IM-Diffusion), IM-Diffusion designed to generate more varied pathological images by constructing diverse nuclear layouts and internuclear spatial relationships. In detail, we introduce a Nuclear Migration Module (NMM) which constructs diverse nuclear layouts by simulating the process of nuclear migration. Building on this, we further present an Internuclear-regions Inpainting Module (IIM) to generate diverse internuclear spatial relationships by structure-aware inpainting. On the basis of the above, IM-Diffusion generates more diverse pathological images with different layouts and internuclear spatial relationships, thereby facilitating downstream tasks. Evaluation on the CoNSeP and GLySAC datasets demonstrate that the images generated by IM-Diffusion effectively enhance overall instance segmentation performance. Code will be made public later.

Hongliang He, Wenlin Yao, Kaixin Ma et al.

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to a new era marked by the development of autonomous applications in real-world scenarios, which drives innovation in creating advanced web agents. Existing web agents typically only handle one input modality and are evaluated only in simplified web simulators or static web snapshots, greatly limiting their applicability in real-world scenarios. To bridge this gap, we introduce WebVoyager, an innovative Large Multimodal Model (LMM) powered web agent that can complete user instructions end-to-end by interacting with real-world websites. Moreover, we establish a new benchmark by compiling real-world tasks from 15 popular websites and introduce an automatic evaluation protocol leveraging multimodal understanding abilities of GPT-4V to evaluate open-ended web agents. We show that WebVoyager achieves a 59.1% task success rate on our benchmark, significantly surpassing the performance of both GPT-4 (All Tools) and the WebVoyager (text-only) setups, underscoring the exceptional capability of WebVoyager. The proposed automatic evaluation metric achieves 85.3% agreement with human judgment, indicating its effectiveness in providing reliable and accurate assessments of web agents.

Hongliang He, Junlei Zhang, Zhenzhong Lan et al.

Contrastive learning-based methods, such as unsup-SimCSE, have achieved state-of-the-art (SOTA) performances in learning unsupervised sentence embeddings. However, in previous studies, each embedding used for contrastive learning only derived from one sentence instance, and we call these embeddings instance-level embeddings. In other words, each embedding is regarded as a unique class of its own, whichmay hurt the generalization performance. In this study, we propose IS-CSE (instance smoothing contrastive sentence embedding) to smooth the boundaries of embeddings in the feature space. Specifically, we retrieve embeddings from a dynamic memory buffer according to the semantic similarity to get a positive embedding group. Then embeddings in the group are aggregated by a self-attention operation to produce a smoothed instance embedding for further analysis. We evaluate our method on standard semantic text similarity (STS) tasks and achieve an average of 78.30%, 79.47%, 77.73%, and 79.42% Spearman's correlation on the base of BERT-base, BERT-large, RoBERTa-base, and RoBERTa-large respectively, a 2.05%, 1.06%, 1.16% and 0.52% improvement compared to unsup-SimCSE.

Chiyu Song, Hongliang He, Haofei Yu et al.

Sample-and-rank is a key decoding strategy for modern generation-based dialogue systems. It helps achieve diverse and high-quality responses by selecting an answer from a small pool of generated candidates. The current state-of-the-art ranking methods mainly use an encoding paradigm called Cross-Encoder, which separately encodes each context-candidate pair and ranks the candidates according to their fitness scores. However, Cross-Encoder repeatedly encodes the same lengthy context for each candidate, resulting in high computational costs. Poly-Encoder addresses the above problems by reducing the interaction between context and candidates, but with a price of performance drop. In this work, we develop a new paradigm called Uni-Encoder, that keeps the full attention over each pair as in Cross-Encoder while only encoding the context once, as in Poly-Encoder. Uni-Encoder encodes all the candidates with the context in one forward pass. We use the same positional embedding for all candidates to ensure they are treated equally and design a new attention mechanism to avoid confusion. Our Uni-Encoder can simulate other ranking paradigms using different attention and response concatenation methods. Extensive experiments show that our proposed paradigm achieves new state-of-the-art results on four benchmark datasets with high computational efficiency. For instance, it improves R10@1 by 2.9% with an approximately 4X faster inference speed on the Ubuntu V2 dataset.

Le Hui, Xiang Li, Jiaxin Chen et al.

Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translation achieves spectacularly advanced developments nowadays. However, recent approaches mainly focus on one model with two domains, which may face heavy burdens with large cost of $O(n^2)$ training time and model parameters, under such a requirement that $n$ domains are freely transferred to each other in a general setting. To address this problem, we propose a novel and unified framework named Domain-Bank, which consists of a global shared auto-encoder and $n$ domain-specific encoders/decoders, assuming that a universal shared-latent sapce can be projected. Thus, we yield $O(n)$ complexity in model parameters along with a huge reduction of the time budgets. Besides the high efficiency, we show the comparable (or even better) image translation results over state-of-the-arts on various challenging unsupervised image translation tasks, including face image translation, fashion-clothes translation and painting style translation. We also apply the proposed framework to domain adaptation and achieve state-of-the-art performance on digit benchmark datasets. Further, thanks to the explicit representation of the domain-specific decoders as well as the universal shared-latent space, it also enables us to conduct incremental learning to add a new domain encoder/decoder. Linear combination of different domains' representations is also obtained by fusing the corresponding decoders.