AKM Bahalul Haque

AKM Bahalul Haque, A. K. M. Najmul Islam, Patrick Mikalef

The final search query for the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted on 15th July 2022. Initially, we extracted 1707 journal and conference articles from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were then applied, and 58 articles were selected for the SLR. The findings show four dimensions that shape the AI explanation, which are format (explanation representation format), completeness (explanation should contain all required information, including the supplementary information), accuracy (information regarding the accuracy of the explanation), and currency (explanation should contain recent information). Moreover, along with the automatic representation of the explanation, the users can request additional information if needed. We have also found five dimensions of XAI effects: trust, transparency, understandability, usability, and fairness. In addition, we investigated current knowledge from selected articles to problematize future research agendas as research questions along with possible research paths. Consequently, a comprehensive framework of XAI and its possible effects on user behavior has been developed.

AKM Bahalul Haque, A. K. M. Najmul Islam, Patrick Mikalef

The growing attention to artificial intelligence-based applications has led to research interest in explainability issues. This emerging research attention on explainable AI (XAI) advocates the need to investigate end user-centric explainable AI. Thus, this study aims to investigate usercentric explainable AI and considered recommendation systems as the study context. We conducted focus group interviews to collect qualitative data on the recommendation system. We asked participants about the end users' comprehension of a recommended item, its probable explanation, and their opinion of making a recommendation explainable. Our findings reveal that end users want a non-technical and tailor-made explanation with on-demand supplementary information. Moreover, we also observed users requiring an explanation about personal data usage, detailed user feedback, and authentic and reliable explanations. Finally, we propose a synthesized framework that aims at involving the end user in the development process for requirements collection and validation.

Abdulla All noman, Umma Habiba Akter, Tahmid Hasan Pranto et al.

With unorganized, unplanned and improper use of limited raw materials, an abundant amount of waste is being produced, which is harmful to our environment and ecosystem. While traditional linear production lines fail to address far-reaching issues like waste production and a shorter product life cycle, a prospective concept, namely circular economy (CE), has shown promising prospects to be adopted at industrial and governmental levels. CE aims to complete the product life cycle loop by bringing out the highest values from raw materials in the design phase and later on by reusing, recycling, and remanufacturing. Innovative technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning(ML) provide vital assistance in effectively adopting and implementing CE in real-world practices. This study explores the adoption and integration of applied AI techniques in CE. First, we conducted bibliometric analysis on a collection of 104 SCOPUS indexed documents exploring the critical research criteria in AI and CE. Forty papers were picked to conduct a systematic literature review from these documents. The selected documents were further divided into six categories: sustainable development, reverse logistics, waste management, supply chain management, recycle & reuse, and manufacturing development. Comprehensive research insights and trends have been extracted and delineated. Finally, the research gap needing further attention has been identified and the future research directions have also been discussed.

AKM Bahalul Haque, A. K. M. Najmul Islam, Patrick Mikalef

AI based social media recommendations have great potential to improve the user experience. However, often these recommendations do not match the user interest and create an unpleasant experience for the users. Moreover, the recommendation system being a black box creates comprehensibility and transparency issues. This paper investigates social media recommendations from an end user perspective. For the investigation, we used the popular social media platform Facebook and recruited regular users to conduct a qualitative analysis. We asked participants about the social media content suggestions, their comprehensibility, and explainability. Our analysis shows users mostly require explanation whenever they encounter unfamiliar content and to ensure their online data security. Furthermore, the users require concise, non-technical explanations along with the facility of controlled information flow. In addition, we observed that explanations impact the users perception of transparency, trust, and understandability. Finally, we have outlined some design implications and presented a synthesized framework based on our data analysis.

AKM Bahalul Haque, Bilal Naqvi, A. K. M. Najmul Islam et al.

The COVID-19 pandemic has shaken the world and limited work/personal life activities. Besides the loss of human lives and agony faced by humankind, the pandemic has badly hit different sectors economically, including the travel industry. Special arrangements, including COVID test before departure and on arrival, and voluntary quarantine, were enforced to limit the risk of transmission. However, the hope for returning to a normal (pre-COVID) routine relies on the success of the current COVID vaccination drives administered by different countries. To open for tourism and other necessary travel, a need is realized for a universally accessible proof of COVID vaccination, allowing travelers to cross the borders without any hindrance. This paper presents an architectural framework for a GDPR-compliant blockchain-based COVID vaccination passport (VacciFi), whilst considering the relevant developments, especially in the European Union region.

AKM Bahalul Haque, Md. Rifat Hasan, Md. Oahiduzzaman Mondol Zihad

The traditional oil supply chain suffers from various shortcomings regarding crude oil extraction, processing, distribution, environmental pollution, and traceability. It offers an only a forward flow of products with almost no security and tracking process. In time, the system will lag behind due to the limitations in quality inspection, fraudulent information, and monopolistic behavior of supply chain entities. Inclusion of counterfeiting products and opaqueness of the system urge renovation in this sector. The recent evolution of Industry 4.0 leads to the alternation in the supply chain introducing the smart supply chain. Technological advancement can now reshape the infrastructure of the supply chain for the future. In this paper, we suggest a conceptual framework utilizing Blockchain and Smart Contract to monitor the overall oil supply chain. Blockchain is a groundbreaking technology to monitor and support the security building of a decentralized type supply chain over a peer-to-peer network. The use of the Internet of Things (IoT), especially sensors, opens broader window to track the global supply chain in real-time. We construct a methodology to support reverse traceability for each participant of the supply chain. The functions and characteristics of Blockchain and Smart Contract are defined. Implementation of Smart Contracts has also been shown with detailed analysis. We further describe the challenges of implementing such a system and validate our framework's adaptability in the real world. The paper concludes with future research scope to mitigate the restrictions of data management and maintenance with advanced working prototypes and agile systems achieving greater traceability and transparency.

AKM Bahalul Haque, AKM Najmul Islam, Sami Hyrynsalmi et al.

Although blockchain-based digital services promise trust, accountability, and transparency, multiple paradoxes between blockchains and GDPR have been highlighted in the recent literature. Some of the recent literature also proposed possible solutions to these paradoxes. This article aims to conduct a systematic literature review on GDPR compliant blockchains and synthesize the findings. In particular, the goal was to identify 1) the GDPR articles that have been explored in prior literature; 2) the relevant research domains that have been explored, and 3) the research gaps. Our findings synthesized that the blockchains relevant GDPR articles can be categorized into six major groups, namely data deletion and modification (Article 16, 17, and 18), protection by design by default (Article 25), responsibilities of controllers and processors (Article 24, 26, and 28), consent management (Article 7), data processing principles and lawfulness (Article 5,6 and 12), and territorial scope (Article 3). We also found seven research domains where GDPR compliant blockchains have been discussed, which include IoT, financial data, healthcare, personal identity, online data, information governance, and smart city. From our analysis, we have identified a few key research gaps and present a future research direction.

AKM Bahalul Haque, Mahbubur Rahman

Blockchain technology is an interlinked systematic chain of blocks that contains transaction history and other user data. It works under the principle of decentralized distributed digital ledger. This technology enables cryptographically secure and anonymous financial transactions among the user nodes of the network enabling the transactions to be validated and approved by all the users in a transparent environment. It is a revolutionary technology that earned its emerging popularity through the usage of digital cryptocurrencies. Even though Blockchain holds a promising scope of development in the online transaction system, it is prone to several security and vulnerability issues. In this paper, blockchain methodology, its applications, and security issues are discussed which might shed some light on blockchain enthusiasts and researchers.

AKM Bahalul Haque

Cyber security is one of the burning issues in modern world. Increased IT infrastructure has given rise to enormous chances of security breach. Bangladesh being a relatively new member of cyber security arena has its own demand and appeal. Digitalization is happening in Bangladesh for last few years at an appreciable rate. People are being connected to the worldwide web community with their smart devices. These devices have their own vulnerability issues as well as the data shared over the internet has a very good chances of getting breached. Common vulnerability issues like infecting the device with malware, Trojan, virus are on the rise. Moreover, a lack of proper cyber security policy and strategy might make the existing situation at the vulnerable edge of tipping point. Hence the upcoming new infrastructures will be at a greater risk if the issues are not dealt with at an early age. In this paper common vulnerability issues including their recent attacks on cyber space of Bangladesh, cyber security strategy and need for data privacy policy is discussed and analysed briefly.

AKM Bahalul Haque, Sharaban Tahura Nisa, Md. Amdadul Bari et al.

There was a time when the word security was only confined to the physical protection of things that were valuable which must be guarded against all the odds. Today, in a world where people can do things virtually have emerged the necessity to protect the virtual world. Every single facet of our life is being controlled by the internet one way or another. There is no privacy in the cyberspace as the data which we are browsing on the internet is being monitored on the other side by someone. Each work we are doing on the internet is getting tracked or the data are getting leaked without consent. To browse the internet securely we developed a router named Aranea which relates to the browser Tor. Tor gives traffic anonymity and security. The Tor browser can be used in both positive and negative purpose. Tor encrypts data, it hides the location and identity of the user, it hides the IP address of the device, it hides the network traffic and many more. By using Tor browser each user can browse the internet safely in the cyber world. Our goal is to create an additional security bridge through the router Aranea for every user so that each user can simply browse the internet anonymously.

AKM Bahalul Haque, Rabeya Sultana, Mohammad Sajid Fahad et al.

Technology has developed so fast that we feel both safe as well as unsafe in both ways. Systems used today are always prone to attack by malicious users. In most cases, services are hindered because these systems cannot handle the amount of over loads the attacker provides. So, proper service load measurement is necessary. The tool that is being described in this paper for developments is based on the Denial of Service methodologies. This tool, XDoser will put a synthetic load on the servers for testing purpose. The HTTP Flood method is used which includes an HTTP POST method as it forces the website to gather the maximum resources possible in response to every single request. The tool developed in this paper will focus on overloading the backend with multiple requests. So, the tool can be implemented for servers new or old for synthetic test endurance testing.