Juan Bernabé-Moreno

Sujit Roy, Udayshankar Nair, Yuling Wu et al.

The martian atmosphere hosts dynamical phenomena ranging from planet-encircling dust storms to mesoscale orographic clouds and nocturnal low-level jets. General circulation model show capability to simulate these phenomena, but is computationally expensive at resolution needed to resolve mesoscale features. While assimilation of satellite remote sensing observation enable forecasting capabilities using such models, observation record is often sparse, short and fragmented across instrument generators. These constraints motivate the development of a data-driven foundation model for the Martian atmosphere. Foundation models live in a complex design landscape. There is an interplay between the available data, the physics of the underlying processes and corresponding developments in AI. Even though the idea of a foundation model is to address multiple use cases in a data- and compute-efficient manner, it is important to have a clear picture what applications can sensibly addressed by a single model. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate this design landscape. We discuss available data ranging from atmospheric retrievals to reanalysis datasets as well as existing physical models. Moreover, we identify a wide range of candidate downstream applications. Finally, we consider relevant recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) that can be leveraged in this context. Here, we put a particular emphasis on AI models for atmospheric physics, data-driven approaches to data assimilation as well as methods to work in a limited data setting.

Kevin Mayer, Lukas Haas, Tianyuan Huang et al.

Current methods to determine the energy efficiency of buildings require on-site visits of certified energy auditors which makes the process slow, costly, and geographically incomplete. To accelerate the identification of promising retrofit targets on a large scale, we propose to estimate building energy efficiency from widely available and remotely sensed data sources only, namely street view, aerial view, footprint, and satellite-borne land surface temperature (LST) data. After collecting data for almost 40,000 buildings in the United Kingdom, we combine these data sources by training multiple end-to-end deep learning models with the objective to classify buildings as energy efficient (EU rating A-D) or inefficient (EU rating E-G). After evaluating the trained models quantitatively as well as qualitatively, we extend our analysis by studying the predictive power of each data source in an ablation study. We find that the end-to-end deep learning model trained on all four data sources achieves a macro-averaged F1 score of 64.64% and outperforms the k-NN and SVM-based baseline models by 14.13 to 12.02 percentage points, respectively. Thus, this work shows the potential and complementary nature of remotely sensed data in predicting energy efficiency and opens up new opportunities for future work to integrate additional data sources.