Taylan Şahin

Taylan Şahin, Ramin Khalili, Mate Boban et al.

Performance of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications depends highly on the employed scheduling approach. While centralized network schedulers offer high V2V communication reliability, their operation is conventionally restricted to areas with full cellular network coverage. In contrast, in out-of-cellular-coverage areas, comparatively inefficient distributed radio resource management is used. To exploit the benefits of the centralized approach for enhancing the reliability of V2V communications on roads lacking cellular coverage, we propose VRLS (Vehicular Reinforcement Learning Scheduler), a centralized scheduler that proactively assigns resources for out-of-coverage V2V communications \textit{before} vehicles leave the cellular network coverage. By training in simulated vehicular environments, VRLS can learn a scheduling policy that is robust and adaptable to environmental changes, thus eliminating the need for targeted (re-)training in complex real-life environments. We evaluate the performance of VRLS under varying mobility, network load, wireless channel, and resource configurations. VRLS outperforms the state-of-the-art distributed scheduling algorithm in zones without cellular network coverage by reducing the packet error rate by half in highly loaded conditions and achieving near-maximum reliability in low-load scenarios.

Taylan Şahin, Ramin Khalili, Mate Boban et al.

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications have distinct challenges that need to be taken into account when scheduling the radio resources. Although centralized schedulers (e.g., located on base stations) could be utilized to deliver high scheduling performance, they cannot be employed in case of coverage gaps. To address the issue of reliable scheduling of V2V transmissions out of coverage, we propose Vehicular Reinforcement Learning Scheduler (VRLS), a centralized scheduler that predictively assigns the resources for V2V communication while the vehicle is still in cellular network coverage. VRLS is a unified reinforcement learning (RL) solution, wherein the learning agent, the state representation, and the reward provided to the agent are applicable to different vehicular environments of interest (in terms of vehicular density, resource configuration, and wireless channel conditions). Such a unified solution eliminates the necessity of redesigning the RL components for a different environment, and facilitates transfer learning from one to another similar environment. We evaluate the performance of VRLS and show its ability to avoid collisions and half-duplex errors, and to reuse the resources better than the state of the art scheduling algorithms. We also show that pre-trained VRLS agent can adapt to different V2V environments with limited retraining, thus enabling real-world deployment in different scenarios.

Taylan Şahin, Ramin Khalili, Mate Boban et al.

Radio resources in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication can be scheduled either by a centralized scheduler residing in the network (e.g., a base station in case of cellular systems) or a distributed scheduler, where the resources are autonomously selected by the vehicles. The former approach yields a considerably higher resource utilization in case the network coverage is uninterrupted. However, in case of intermittent or out-of-coverage, due to not having input from centralized scheduler, vehicles need to revert to distributed scheduling. Motivated by recent advances in reinforcement learning (RL), we investigate whether a centralized learning scheduler can be taught to efficiently pre-assign the resources to vehicles for out-of-coverage V2V communication. Specifically, we use the actor-critic RL algorithm to train the centralized scheduler to provide non-interfering resources to vehicles before they enter the out-of-coverage area. Our initial results show that a RL-based scheduler can achieve performance as good as or better than the state-of-art distributed scheduler, often outperforming it. Furthermore, the learning process completes within a reasonable time (ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand epochs), thus making the RL-based scheduler a promising solution for V2V communications with intermittent network coverage.