Jayant Gupchup

Quchen Fu, Szu-Wei Fu, Yaran Fan et al.

Meetings are an essential form of communication for all types of organizations, and remote collaboration systems have been much more widely used since the COVID-19 pandemic. One major issue with remote meetings is that it is challenging for remote participants to interrupt and speak. We have recently developed the first speech interruption analysis model, which detects failed speech interruptions, shows very promising performance, and is being deployed in the cloud. To deliver this feature in a more cost-efficient and environment-friendly way, we reduced the model complexity and size to ship the WavLM_SI model in client devices. In this paper, we first describe how we successfully improved the True Positive Rate (TPR) at a 1% False Positive Rate (FPR) from 50.9% to 68.3% for the failed speech interruption detection model by training on a larger dataset and fine-tuning. We then shrank the model size from 222.7 MB to 9.3 MB with an acceptable loss in accuracy and reduced the complexity from 31.2 GMACS (Giga Multiply-Accumulate Operations per Second) to 4.3 GMACS. We also estimated the environmental impact of the complexity reduction, which can be used as a general guideline for large Transformer-based models, and thus make those models more accessible with less computation overhead.

Xavier Gitiaux, Aditya Khant, Ebrahim Beyrami et al.

Noise suppression models running in production environments are commonly trained on publicly available datasets. However, this approach leads to regressions due to the lack of training/testing on representative customer data. Moreover, due to privacy reasons, developers cannot listen to customer content. This `ears-off' situation motivates augmenting existing datasets in a privacy-preserving manner. In this paper, we present Aura, a solution to make existing noise suppression test sets more challenging and diverse while being sample efficient. Aura is `ears-off' because it relies on a feature extractor and a metric of speech quality, DNSMOS P.835, both pre-trained on data obtained from public sources. As an application of Aura, we augment the INTERSPEECH 2021 DNS challenge by sampling audio files from a new batch of data of 20K clean speech clips from Librivox mixed with noise clips obtained from AudioSet. Aura makes the existing benchmark test set harder by 0.27 in DNSMOS P.835 OVLR (7%), 0.64 harder in DNSMOS P.835 SIG (16%), increases diversity by 31%, and achieves a 26% improvement in Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (SRCC) compared to random sampling. Finally, we open-source Aura to stimulate research of test set development.

Jayant Gupchup, Ashkan Aazami, Yaran Fan et al.

Large software systems tune hundreds of 'constants' to optimize their runtime performance. These values are commonly derived through intuition, lab tests, or A/B tests. A 'one-size-fits-all' approach is often sub-optimal as the best value depends on runtime context. In this paper, we provide an experimental approach to replace constants with learned contextual functions for Skype - a widely used real-time communication (RTC) application. We present Resonance, a system based on contextual bandits (CB). We describe experiences from three real-world experiments: applying it to the audio, video, and transport components in Skype. We surface a unique and practical challenge of performing machine learning (ML) inference in large software systems written using encapsulation principles. Finally, we open-source FeatureBroker, a library to reduce the friction in adopting ML models in such development environments

Jamie Pool, Ebrahim Beyrami, Vishak Gopal et al.

Web-scale applications can ship code on a daily to weekly cadence. These applications rely on online metrics to monitor the health of new releases. Regressions in metric values need to be detected and diagnosed as early as possible to reduce the disruption to users and product owners. Regressions in metrics can surface due to a variety of reasons: genuine product regressions, changes in user population, and bias due to telemetry loss (or processing) are among the common causes. Diagnosing the cause of these metric regressions is costly for engineering teams as they need to invest time in finding the root cause of the issue as soon as possible. We present Lumos, a Python library built using the principles of AB testing to systematically diagnose metric regressions to automate such analysis. Lumos has been deployed across the component teams in Microsoft's Real-Time Communication applications Skype and Microsoft Teams. It has enabled engineering teams to detect 100s of real changes in metrics and reject 1000s of false alarms detected by anomaly detectors. The application of Lumos has resulted in freeing up as much as 95% of the time allocated to metric-based investigations. In this work, we open source Lumos and present our results from applying it to two different components within the RTC group over millions of sessions. This general library can be coupled with any production system to manage the volume of alerting efficiently.

Dolly Agarwal, Jayant Gupchup, Nishant Baghel

One out of four children in India are leaving grade eight without basic reading skills. Measuring the reading levels in a vast country like India poses significant hurdles. Recent advances in machine learning opens up the possibility of automating this task. However, the datasets of children's speech are not only rare but are primarily in English. To solve this assessment problem and advance deep learning research in regional Indian languages, we present the ASER dataset of children in the age group of 6-14. The dataset consists of 5,301 subjects generating 81,330 labeled audio clips in Hindi, Marathi and English. These labels represent expert opinions on the child's ability to read at a specified level. Using this dataset, we built a simple ASR-based classifier. Early results indicate that we can achieve a prediction accuracy of 86% for the English language. Considering the ASER survey spans half a million subjects, this dataset can grow to those scales.

Jayant Gupchup, Ebrahim Beyrami, Martin Ellis et al.

User surveys for Quality of Experience (QoE) are a critical source of information. In addition to the common "star rating" used to estimate Mean Opinion Score (MOS), more detailed survey questions (problem tokens) about specific areas provide valuable insight into the factors impacting QoE. This paper explores two aspects of the problem token questionnaire design. First, we study the bias introduced by fixed question order, and second, we study the challenge of selecting a subset of questions to keep the token set small. Based on 900,000 calls gathered using a randomized controlled experiment from a live system, we find that the order bias can be significantly reduced by randomizing the display order of tokens. The difference in response rate varies based on token position and display design. It is worth noting that the users respond to the randomized-order variant at levels that are comparable to the fixed-order variant. The effective selection of a subset of token questions is achieved by extracting tokens that provide the highest information gain over user ratings. This selection is known to be in the class of NP-hard problems. We apply a well-known greedy submodular maximization method on our dataset to capture 94% of the information using just 30% of the questions.

Jayant Gupchup, Yasaman Hosseinkashi, Martin Ellis et al.

User-perceived quality-of-experience (QoE) in internet telephony systems is commonly evaluated using subjective ratings computed as a Mean Opinion Score (MOS). In such systems, while user MOS can be tracked on an ongoing basis, it does not give insight into which factors of a call induced any perceived degradation in QoE -- it does not tell us what caused a user to have a sub-optimal experience. For effective planning of product improvements, we are interested in understanding the impact of each of these degrading factors, allowing the estimation of the return (i.e., the improvement in user QoE) for a given investment. To obtain such insights, we advocate the use of an end-of-call "problem token questionnaire" (PTQ) which probes the user about common call quality issues (e.g., distorted audio or frozen video) which they may have experienced. In this paper, we show the efficacy of this questionnaire using data gathered from over 700,000 end-of-call surveys gathered from Skype (a large commercial VoIP application). We present a method to rank call quality and reliability issues and address the challenge of isolating independent factors impacting the QoE. Finally, we present representative examples of how these problem tokens have proven to be useful in practice.