Abul Ehtesham

Abul Ehtesham, Aditi Singh, Saket Kumar

Enhancing clinical decision support (CDS), reducing documentation burdens, and improving patient health literacy remain persistent challenges in digital health. This paper presents an open-source, agent-based framework that integrates Large Language Models (LLMs) with HL7 FHIR data via the Model Context Protocol (MCP) for dynamic extraction and reasoning over electronic health records (EHRs). Built on the established MCP-FHIR implementation, the framework enables declarative access to diverse FHIR resources through JSON-based configurations, supporting real-time summarization, interpretation, and personalized communication across multiple user personas, including clinicians, caregivers, and patients. To ensure privacy and reproducibility, the framework is evaluated using synthetic EHR data from the SMART Health IT sandbox (https://r4.smarthealthit.org/), which conforms to the FHIR R4 standard. Unlike traditional approaches that rely on hardcoded retrieval and static workflows, the proposed method delivers scalable, explainable, and interoperable AI-powered EHR applications. The agentic architecture further supports multiple FHIR formats, laying a robust foundation for advancing personalized digital health solutions.

Aditi Singh, Abul Ehtesham, Saket Kumar et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized artificial intelligence (AI) by enabling human like text generation and natural language understanding. However, their reliance on static training data limits their ability to respond to dynamic, real time queries, resulting in outdated or inaccurate outputs. Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a solution, enhancing LLMs by integrating real time data retrieval to provide contextually relevant and up-to-date responses. Despite its promise, traditional RAG systems are constrained by static workflows and lack the adaptability required for multistep reasoning and complex task management. Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (Agentic RAG) transcends these limitations by embedding autonomous AI agents into the RAG pipeline. These agents leverage agentic design patterns reflection, planning, tool use, and multiagent collaboration to dynamically manage retrieval strategies, iteratively refine contextual understanding, and adapt workflows to meet complex task requirements. This integration enables Agentic RAG systems to deliver unparalleled flexibility, scalability, and context awareness across diverse applications. This survey provides a comprehensive exploration of Agentic RAG, beginning with its foundational principles and the evolution of RAG paradigms. It presents a detailed taxonomy of Agentic RAG architectures, highlights key applications in industries such as healthcare, finance, and education, and examines practical implementation strategies. Additionally, it addresses challenges in scaling these systems, ensuring ethical decision making, and optimizing performance for real-world applications, while providing detailed insights into frameworks and tools for implementing Agentic RAG.

Abul Ehtesham, Aditi Singh, Gaurav Kumar Gupta et al.

Large language model powered autonomous agents demand robust, standardized protocols to integrate tools, share contextual data, and coordinate tasks across heterogeneous systems. Ad-hoc integrations are difficult to scale, secure, and generalize across domains. This survey examines four emerging agent communication protocols: Model Context Protocol (MCP), Agent Communication Protocol (ACP), Agent-to-Agent Protocol (A2A), and Agent Network Protocol (ANP), each addressing interoperability in deployment contexts. MCP provides a JSON-RPC client-server interface for secure tool invocation and typed data exchange. ACP defines a general-purpose communication protocol over RESTful HTTP, supporting MIME-typed multipart messages and synchronous and asynchronous interactions. Its lightweight and runtime-independent design enables scalable agent invocation, while features like session management, message routing, and integration with role-based and decentralized identifiers (DIDs). A2A enables peer-to-peer task delegation using capability-based Agent Cards, supporting secure and scalable collaboration across enterprise agent workflows. ANP supports open network agent discovery and secure collaboration using W3C decentralized identifiers DIDs and JSON-LD graphs. The protocols are compared across multiple dimensions, including interaction modes, discovery mechanisms, communication patterns, and security models. Based on the comparative analysis, a phased adoption roadmap is proposed: beginning with MCP for tool access, followed by ACP for structured, multimodal messaging session-aware interaction and both online and offline agent discovery across scalable, HTTP-based deployments A2A for collaborative task execution, and extending to ANP for decentralized agent marketplaces. This work provides a comprehensive foundation for designing secure, interoperable, and scalable ecosystems of LLM-powered agents.

Aditi Singh, Nirmal Prakashbhai Patel, Abul Ehtesham et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed numerous domains by providing advanced capabilities in natural language understanding, generation, and reasoning. Despite their groundbreaking applications across industries such as research, healthcare, and creative media, their rapid adoption raises critical concerns regarding sustainability. This survey paper comprehensively examines the environmental, economic, and computational challenges associated with LLMs, focusing on energy consumption, carbon emissions, and resource utilization in data centers. By synthesizing insights from existing literature, this work explores strategies such as resource-efficient training, sustainable deployment practices, and lifecycle assessments to mitigate the environmental impacts of LLMs. Key areas of emphasis include energy optimization, renewable energy integration, and balancing performance with sustainability. The findings aim to guide researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in developing actionable strategies for sustainable AI systems, fostering a responsible and environmentally conscious future for artificial intelligence.

Abul Ehtesham, Saket Kumar, Aditi Singh et al.

Generative AI is reshaping the media landscape, enabling unprecedented capabilities in video creation, personalization, and scalability. This paper presents a comprehensive SWOT analysis of Metas Movie Gen, a cutting-edge generative AI foundation model designed to produce 1080p HD videos with synchronized audio from simple text prompts. We explore its strengths, including high-resolution video generation, precise editing, and seamless audio integration, which make it a transformative tool across industries such as filmmaking, advertising, and education. However, the analysis also addresses limitations, such as constraints on video length and potential biases in generated content, which pose challenges for broader adoption. In addition, we examine the evolving regulatory and ethical considerations surrounding generative AI, focusing on issues like content authenticity, cultural representation, and responsible use. Through comparative insights with leading models like DALL-E and Google Imagen, this paper highlights Movie Gens unique features, such as video personalization and multimodal synthesis, while identifying opportunities for innovation and areas requiring further research. Our findings provide actionable insights for stakeholders, emphasizing both the opportunities and challenges of deploying generative AI in media production. This work aims to guide future advancements in generative AI, ensuring scalability, quality, and ethical integrity in this rapidly evolving field.

Aditi Singh, Akash Shetty, Abul Ehtesham et al.

Text-to-SQL systems facilitate smooth interaction with databases by translating natural language queries into Structured Query Language (SQL), bridging the gap between non-technical users and complex database management systems. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of AI-driven text-to-SQL systems, highlighting their foundational components, advancements in large language model (LLM) architectures, and the critical role of datasets such as Spider, WikiSQL, and CoSQL in driving progress. We examine the applications of text-to-SQL in domains like healthcare, education, and finance, emphasizing their transformative potential for improving data accessibility. Additionally, we analyze persistent challenges, including domain generalization, query optimization, support for multi-turn conversational interactions, and the limited availability of datasets tailored for NoSQL databases and dynamic real-world scenarios. To address these challenges, we outline future research directions, such as extending text-to-SQL capabilities to support NoSQL databases, designing datasets for dynamic multi-turn interactions, and optimizing systems for real-world scalability and robustness. By surveying current advancements and identifying key gaps, this paper aims to guide the next generation of research and applications in LLM-based text-to-SQL systems.

Saket Kumar, Abul Ehtesham, Aditi Singh et al.

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in civil engineering presents a transformative approach to enhancing design quality and safety. This paper investigates the potential of the advanced LLM GPT4 Turbo vision model in detecting architectural flaws during the design phase, with a specific focus on identifying missing doors and windows. The study evaluates the model's performance through metrics such as precision, recall, and F1 score, demonstrating AI's effectiveness in accurately detecting flaws compared to human-verified data. Additionally, the research explores AI's broader capabilities, including identifying load-bearing issues, material weaknesses, and ensuring compliance with building codes. The findings highlight how AI can significantly improve design accuracy, reduce costly revisions, and support sustainable practices, ultimately revolutionizing the civil engineering field by ensuring safer, more efficient, and aesthetically optimized structures.

Aditi Singh, Abul Ehtesham, Mahesh Lambe et al.

Autonomous AI agents now operate across cloud, enterprise, and decentralized domains, creating demand for registry infrastructures that enable trustworthy discovery, capability negotiation, and identity assurance. We analyze five prominent approaches: (1) MCP Registry (centralized publication of mcp.json descriptors), (2) A2A Agent Cards (decentralized self-describing JSON capability manifests), (3) AGNTCY Agent Directory Service (IPFS Kademlia DHT content routing extended for semantic taxonomy-based content discovery, OCI artifact storage, and Sigstore-backed integrity), (4) Microsoft Entra Agent ID (enterprise SaaS directory with policy and zero-trust integration), and (5) NANDA Index AgentFacts (cryptographically verifiable, privacy-preserving fact model with credentialed assertions). Using four evaluation dimensions: security, authentication, scalability, and maintainability, we surface architectural trade-offs between centralized control, enterprise governance, and distributed resilience. We conclude with design recommendations for an emerging Internet of AI Agents requiring verifiable identity, adaptive discovery flows, and interoperable capability semantics.

Abul Ehtesham, Saket Kumar, Aditi Singh et al.

Early detection of asthma in children is crucial to prevent long-term respiratory complications and reduce emergency interventions. This work presents an AI-powered diagnostic pipeline that leverages Googles Health Acoustic Representations (HeAR) model to detect early signs of asthma from pediatric respiratory sounds. The SPRSound dataset, the first open-access collection of annotated respiratory sounds in children aged 1 month to 18 years, is used to extract 2-second audio segments labeled as wheeze, crackle, rhonchi, stridor, or normal. Each segment is embedded into a 512-dimensional representation using HeAR, a foundation model pretrained on 300 million health-related audio clips, including 100 million cough sounds. Multiple classifiers, including SVM, Random Forest, and MLP, are trained on these embeddings to distinguish between asthma-indicative and normal sounds. The system achieves over 91\% accuracy, with strong performance on precision-recall metrics for positive cases. In addition to classification, learned embeddings are visualized using PCA, misclassifications are analyzed through waveform playback, and ROC and confusion matrix insights are provided. This method demonstrates that short, low-resource pediatric recordings, when powered by foundation audio models, can enable fast, noninvasive asthma screening. The approach is especially promising for digital diagnostics in remote or underserved healthcare settings.

Aditi Singh, Abul Ehtesham, Saket Kumar et al.

This research introduces an innovative mathematical learning approach that integrates generative AI to cultivate a structured learning rather than quick solution. Our method combines chatbot capabilities and generative AI to offer interactive problem-solving exercises, enhancing learning through a stepby-step approach for varied problems, advocating for the responsible use of AI in education. Our approach emphasizes that immediate answers from ChatGPT can impede real learning. We introduce a reward-based system that requires students to solve mathematical problems effectively to receive the final answer. This encourages a progressive learning path from basic to complex problems, rewarding mastery with final solutions. The goal is to transition students from seeking quick fixes to engaging actively in a comprehensive learning experience.

Gaurav Kumar Gupta, Aditi Singh, Sijo Valayakkad Manikandan et al.

The recent swift development of LLMs like GPT-4, Gemini, and GPT-3.5 offers a transformative opportunity in medicine and healthcare, especially in digital diagnostics. This study evaluates each model diagnostic abilities by interpreting a user symptoms and determining diagnoses that fit well with common illnesses, and it demonstrates how each of these models could significantly increase diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. Through a series of diagnostic prompts based on symptoms from medical databases, GPT-4 demonstrates higher diagnostic accuracy from its deep and complete history of training on medical data. Meanwhile, Gemini performs with high precision as a critical tool in disease triage, demonstrating its potential to be a reliable model when physicians are trying to make high-risk diagnoses. GPT-3.5, though slightly less advanced, is a good tool for medical diagnostics. This study highlights the need to study LLMs for healthcare and clinical practices with more care and attention, ensuring that any system utilizing LLMs promotes patient privacy and complies with health information privacy laws such as HIPAA compliance, as well as the social consequences that affect the varied individuals in complex healthcare contexts. This study marks the start of a larger future effort to study the various ways in which assigning ethical concerns to LLMs task of learning from human biases could unearth new ways to apply AI in complex medical settings.