Abdullah Alharthi

Abdullah Alharthi, Ahmed Alqurashi, Turki Alharbi et al.

The complex nature of disease mechanisms and the variability of patient symptoms pose significant challenges in developing effective diagnostic tools. Although machine learning (ML) has made substantial advances in medical diagnosis, the decision-making processes of these models often lack transparency, potentially jeopardizing patient outcomes. This review aims to highlight the role of Explainable AI (XAI) in addressing the interpretability issues of ML models in healthcare, with a focus on chronic conditions such as Parkinson's, stroke, depression, cancer, heart disease, and Alzheimer's disease. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases to identify studies that applied XAI techniques in healthcare. The search focused on XAI algorithms used in diagnosing and monitoring chronic diseases. The review identified the application of nine trending XAI algorithms, each evaluated for their advantages and limitations in various healthcare contexts. The findings underscore the importance of transparency in ML models, which is crucial for improving trust and outcomes in clinical practice. While XAI provides significant potential to bridge the gap between complex ML models and clinical practice, challenges such as scalability, validation, and clinician acceptance remain. The review also highlights areas requiring further research, particularly in integrating XAI into healthcare systems. The study concludes that XAI methods offer a promising path forward for enhancing human health monitoring and patient care, though significant challenges must be addressed to fully realize their potential in clinical settings.

Abdullah Alharthi

Gait analysis, an expanding research area, employs non invasive sensors and machine learning techniques for a range of applicatio ns. In this study, we concentrate on gait analysis for detecting cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease (PD) and under dual task conditions. Using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and explainable machine learning, we objectively analyze gait data and associate findings with clinically relevant biomarkers. This is accomplished by connecting machine learning outputs to decisions based on human visual observations or derived quantitative gait parameters, which are tested and routinely implemented in curr ent healthcare practice. Our analysis of gait deterioration due to cognitive decline in PD enables robust results using the proposed methods for assessing PD severity from ground reaction force (GRF) data. We achieved classification accuracies of 98% F1 sc ores for each PhysioNet.org dataset and 95.5% F1 scores for the combined PhysioNet dataset. By linking clinically observable features to the model outputs, we demonstrate the impact of PD severity on gait. Furthermore, we explore the significance of cognit ive load in healthy gait analysis, resulting in robust classification accuracies of 100% F1 scores for subject identity verification. We also identify weaker features crucial for model predictions using Layer Wise Relevance Propagation. A notable finding o f this study reveals that cognitive deterioration's effect on gait influences body balance and foot landing/lifting dynamics in both classification cases: cognitive load in healthy gait and cognitive decline in PD gait.