Frank Bentley

Hua Shen, Tiffany Knearem, Reshmi Ghosh et al.

Recent advances in general-purpose AI underscore the urgent need to align AI systems with human goals and values. Yet, the lack of a clear, shared understanding of what constitutes "alignment" limits meaningful progress and cross-disciplinary collaboration. In this position paper, we argue that the research community should explicitly define and critically reflect on "alignment" to account for the bidirectional and dynamic relationship between humans and AI. Through a systematic review of over 400 papers spanning HCI, NLP, ML, and more, we examine how alignment is currently defined and operationalized. Building on this analysis, we introduce the Bidirectional Human-AI Alignment framework, which not only incorporates traditional efforts to align AI with human values but also introduces the critical, underexplored dimension of aligning humans with AI -- supporting cognitive, behavioral, and societal adaptation to rapidly advancing AI technologies. Our findings reveal significant gaps in current literature, especially in long-term interaction design, human value modeling, and mutual understanding. We conclude with three central challenges and actionable recommendations to guide future research toward more nuanced, reciprocal, and human-AI alignment approaches.

Frank Bentley, Karen Church, Beverly Harrison et al.

Teens are using mobile devices for an increasing number of activities. Smartphones and a variety of mobile apps for communication, entertainment, and productivity have become an integral part of their lives. This mobile phone use has evolved rapidly as technology has changed and thus studies from even 2 or 3 years ago may not reflect new patterns and practices as smartphones have become more sophisticated. In order to understand current teen's practices around smartphone use, we conducted a two week, mixed-methods study with 14 diverse teens. Through voicemail diaries, interviews, and real world usage data from a logging application installed on their smartphones, we developed an understanding of the types of apps used by teens, when they use these apps, and their reasons for using specific apps in particular situations. We found that the teens in our study used their smartphones for an average of almost 3 hours per day and that two-thirds of all app use involved interacting with an average of almost 10 distinct communications applications. From our study data, we highlight key implications for the design of future mobile apps or services, specifically new social and communications-related applications that allow teens to maintain desired levels of privacy and permanence on the content that they share.