Christoph Saatjohann

Nico Brüggemann, Lukas Schmidt, Marvin Dölzer et al.

Systems that process medical data should be meticulously secured. Yet, network services in healthcare environments often fail to implement basic security measures. For example, previous studies showed that network segmentation flaws led to DICOM systems leaking millions of patient records. In addition to DICOM, healthcare facilities rely heavily on the HL7 and FHIR protocols to transmit data. For nine months, we operated a low-interaction honeypot for medical protocols. We found it was regularly scanned for DICOM but never for HL7 or FHIR, indicating that despite their widespread use and importance for patient data security, the security of these services remains underexplored. In this paper, we present the first large-scale study on HL7 and FHIR services and expand previous work on DICOM. Our large-scale Internet scans, covering the three major healthcare protocols across IPv4 and IPv6 address spaces, identify healthcare systems and uncover data leaks due to authentication flaws. Additionally, we scanned for deficiencies in TLS configurations of these services and known insecure healthcare software. In total, we found \TotalEndpointsAuthFlaws ~healthcare services with authentication flaws. \NonTLSPercentage{}\% of all exposed systems do not support transport encryption, and \AllServerCVE{} systems have known software vulnerabilities, including those with potential for system takeover and CVSS scores up to 9.8. Overall, our study reveals an alarming state of cybersecurity in healthcare deployments, for which we discuss potential reasons and countermeasures. Finally, we report on the coordinated disclosure campaign we initiated to improve the security of patient data.

Simon Ebbers, Fabian Ising, Christoph Saatjohann et al.

Due to the increasing connectivity of modern vehicles, collected data is no longer only stored in the vehicle itself but also transmitted to car manufacturers and vehicle assistant apps. This development opens up new possibilities for digital forensics in criminal investigations involving modern vehicles. This paper deals with the digital forensic analysis of vehicle assistant apps of eight car manufacturers. We reconstruct the driver's activities based on the data stored on the smartphones and in the manufacturer's backend. For this purpose, data of the Android and iOS apps of the car manufacturers Audi, BMW, Ford, Mercedes, Opel, Seat, Tesla, and Volkswagen were extracted from the smartphone and examined using digital forensic methods in accordance with lawful government-approved forensics guidelines. Additionally, manufacturer data was retrieved using Subject Access Requests. Using the extensive data gathered, we successfully reconstruct trips and refueling processes, determine parking positions and duration, and track the locking and unlocking of the vehicle. These findings show that the digital forensic investigation of smartphone applications is a useful addition to vehicle forensics and should therefore be taken into account in the strategic preparation of future digital forensic investigations.