Alessandro Bazzi

Vittorio Todisco, Alessandro Bazzi

In the context of 5G, 3GPP introduced New Radio vehicle to everything (NR-V2X) for direct vehicle-to-vehicle communication. However, starting from Release 18 the focus of the standard has been expanded from vehicles to any device and use case that can benefit from direct communication. In 3GPP terminology, the standard is now referred to simply as Sidelink communication. This standard allows direct communication between devices based on synchronous resource scheduling. Users can rely on controlled scheduling when in network coverage or, in the absence of coverage, autonomously select resources for transmission via a distributed resource allocation mechanism. Focusing on the autonomous resource allocation, this paper investigates the possibility of applying Release 18 Sidelink communication to Air-to-Air (A2A) links between airborne entities. The paper outlines the main challenges and required modifications to adapt the current standard for longer links in the order of kilometres. The analysis identifies the propagation delay as a critical limitation. Communications at distances over 42.4 km require a restriction of the user's transmitting opportunities. However, sidelink communication remains feasible for distances below this threshold without modifications to the standard.

Lorenzo Farina, Federico Gavioli, Salvatore Iandolo et al.

The automotive sector is following a revolutionary path from vehicles controlled by humans to vehicles that will be fully automated, fully connected, and ultimately fully cooperative. Along this road, new cooperative algorithms and protocols will be designed and field tested, which represents a great challenge in terms of costs. In this context, in particular, moving from simulations to practical experiments requires huge investments that are not always affordable and may become a barrier in some cases. To solve this issue and provide the community with an intermediate step, we here propose the use of 1:10 scaled cooperative, autonomous, and connected mini-cars. The mini-car is equipped with a Jetson Orin board running the open Robot Operating System 2 (ROS2), sensors for autonomous operations, and a Raspberry Pi board for connectivity mounting the open source Open Stack for Car (OScar). A key aspect of the proposal is the use of OScar, which implements a full ETSI cooperative-intelligent transport systems (C-ITS) compliant stack. The feasibility and potential of the proposed platform is here demonstrated through the implementation of a case study where the Day-1 intersection collision warning (ICW) application is implemented and validated.