Alexandr Naumchev

Vladimir Ivanov, Andrey Sadovykh, Alexandr Naumchev et al.

Requirements identification in textual documents or extraction is a tedious and error prone task that many researchers suggest automating. We manually annotated the PURE dataset and thus created a new one containing both requirements and non-requirements. Using this dataset, we fine-tuned the BERT model and compare the results with several baselines such as fastText and ELMo. In order to evaluate the model on semantically more complex documents we compare the PURE dataset results with experiments on Request For Information (RFI) documents. The RFIs often include software requirements, but in a less standardized way. The fine-tuned BERT showed promising results on PURE dataset on the binary sentence classification task. Comparing with previous and recent studies dealing with constrained inputs, our approach demonstrates high performance in terms of precision and recall metrics, while being agnostic to the unstructured textual input.

Alexandr Naumchev

Design by Contract enables seamless software development by unifying software requirements with their implementations. In its pure form, however, Design by Contract leaves some problems with contracts' expressiveness, verifiability, and reusability open. These problems significantly reduce practical applicability of seamless development. The present article introduces seamless object-oriented requirements - a novel approach to seamless development that builds upon Design by Contract and now-available advanced program proving tools. The article explains and illustrates the new approach, concluding with a quantitative evaluation of the extent to which the approach fixes the problems of traditional contracts.

Jean-Michel Bruel, Sophie Ebersold, Florian Galinier et al.

A major determinant of the quality of software systems is the quality of their requirements, which should be both understandable and precise. Most requirements are written in natural language, good for understandability but lacking in precision. To make requirements precise, researchers have for years advocated the use of mathematics-based notations and methods, known as "formal". Many exist, differing in their style, scope and applicability. The present survey discusses some of the main formal approaches and compares them to informal methods. The analysis uses a set of 9 complementary criteria, such as level of abstraction, tool availability, traceability support. It classifies the approaches into five categories: general-purpose, natural-language, graph/automata, other mathematical notations, seamless (programming-language-based). It presents approaches in all of these categories, altogether 22 different ones, including for example SysML, Relax, Eiffel, Event-B, Alloy. The review discusses a number of open questions, including seamlessness, the role of tools and education, and how to make industrial applications benefit more from the contributions of formal approaches. (This is the full version of the survey, including some sections and two appendices which, because of length restrictions, do not appear in the submitted version.)

Bertrand Meyer, Jean-Michel Bruel, Sophie Ebersold et al.

Requirements engineering is crucial to software development but lacks a precise definition of its fundamental concepts. Even the basic definitions in the literature and in industry standards are often vague and verbose. To remedy this situation and provide a solid basis for discussions of requirements, this work provides precise definitions of the fundamental requirements concepts and two systematic classifications: a taxonomy of requirement elements (such as components, goals, constraints...) ; and a taxonomy of possible relations between these elements (such as "extends", "excepts", "belongs"...). The discussion evaluates the taxonomies on published requirements documents; readers can test the concepts in two online quizzes. The intended result of this work is to spur new advances in the study and practice of software requirements by clarifying the fundamental concepts.

Evgeny Bobrov, Antonio Bucchiarone, Alfredo Capozucca et al.

DevOps processes comply with principles and offer practices with main objective to support efficiently the evolution of IT systems. To be efficient a DevOps process relies on a set of integrated tools. DevOps is the first required competency together with Agile Method required by the industry. DevOps processes are sharing many aspects with microservices approaches especially the modularity and flexibility which enables continuous change and delivery. As a new approach it is necessary to developp and offer to the academy and to the industry training programs to prepare our engineers in the best possible way. In this chapter we present the main aspects of the educational effort made in the recent years to educate to the concepts and values of the DevOps philosophy. This includes principles, practices, tools and architectures, primarily the Microservice architectural style. Two experiences have been made, one at academic level as a master program course and the other, as an industrial training. Based on those two experiences, we provide a comparative analysis and some proposals in order to develop and improve DevOps education for the future.

Alexandr Naumchev

Insufficient requirements reusability, understandability and verifiability jeopardize software projects. Empirical studies show little success in improving these qualities separately. Applying object-oriented thinking to requirements leads to their unified treatment. An online library of reusable requirement templates implements recurring requirement structures, offering a starting point for practicing the unified approach.

Manuel Mazzara, Alexandr Naumchev, Larisa Safina et al.

This paper describes our experience of training a team of developers of an East-European phone service provider. The training experience was structured in two sessions of two days each conducted in different weeks with a gap of about fifteen days. The first session was dedicated to the Continuous Integration Delivery Pipeline, and the second on Agile methods. We summarize the activity, its preparation and delivery and draw some conclusions out of it on our mistakes and how future session should be addressed.

Alexandr Naumchev

The multiplicity of software projects' stakeholders and activities leads to the multiplicity of software specification views and thus creates the need to establish mutual consistency between them. The process of establishing such consistency is error-prone and requires adequate tool support. The present article introduces specogramming - an approach that treats a modern object-oriented integrated development environment as a word processor. The approach turns the process of documenting initial specifications into a simplified form of programming and turns structured-natural-language specifications into runnable programs that yield multiple consistent-by-construction views, one of which is structured natural language.

Daniel de Carvalho, Rasheed Hussain, Adil Khan et al.

This paper summarizes the experience of teaching an introductory course to programming by using a correctness by construction approach at Innopolis University, Russian Federation. In this paper we claim that division in beginner and advanced groups improves the learning outcomes, present the discussion and the data that support the claim.

Alexandr Naumchev, Bertrand Meyer, Manuel Mazzara et al.

The considerable effort of writing requirements is only worthwhile if the result meets two conditions: the requirements reflect stakeholders' needs, and the implementation satisfies them. In usual approaches, the use of different notations for requirements (often natural language) and implementations (a programming language) makes both conditions elusive. AutoReq, presented in this article, takes a different approach to both the writing of requirements and their verification. Applying the approach to a well-documented example, a landing gear system, allowed for a mechanical proof of consistency and uncovered an error in a published discussion of the problem.

Alexandr Naumchev, Manuel Mazzara, Bertrand Meyer et al.

A number of formal methods exist for capturing stimulus-response requirements in a declarative form. Someone yet needs to translate the resulting declarative statements into imperative programs. The present article describes a method for specification and verification of stimulus-response requirements in the form of imperative program routines with conditionals and assertions. A program prover then checks a candidate program directly against the stated requirements. The article illustrates the approach by applying it to an ASM model of the Landing Gear System, a widely used realistic example proposed for evaluating specification and verification techniques.

Alexandr Naumchev, Bertrand Meyer

Popular notations for functional requirements specifications frequently ignore developers' needs, target specific development models, or require translation of requirements into tests for verification; the results can give out-of-sync or downright incompatible artifacts. Seamless Requirements, a new approach to specifying functional requirements, contributes to developers' understanding of requirements and to software quality regardless of the process, while the process itself becomes lighter due to the absence of tests in the presence of formal verification. A development case illustrates these benefits, and a discussion compares seamless requirements to other approaches.

Alexandr Naumchev, Bertrand Meyer, Victor Rivera

Requirements and code, in conventional software engineering wisdom, belong to entirely different worlds. Is it possible to unify these two worlds? A unified framework could help make software easier to change and reuse. To explore the feasibility of such an approach, the case study reported here takes a classic example from the requirements engineering literature and describes it using a programming language framework to express both domain and machine properties. The paper describes the solution, discusses its benefits and limitations, and assesses its scalability.

Alexandr Naumchev, Bertrand Meyer

Existing techniques of Design by Contract do not allow software developers to specify complete contracts in many cases. Incomplete contracts leave room for malicious implementations. This article complements Design by Contract with a simple yet powerful technique that removes the problem without adding syntactical mechanisms. The proposed technique makes it possible not only to derive complete contracts, but also to rigorously check and improve completeness of existing contracts without instrumenting them.