Danny Vainstein

Dmitrii Avdiukhin, Grigory Yaroslavtsev, Danny Vainstein et al.

We study the problem of learning a hierarchical tree representation of data from labeled samples, taken from an arbitrary (and possibly adversarial) distribution. Consider a collection of data tuples labeled according to their hierarchical structure. The smallest number of such tuples required in order to be able to accurately label subsequent tuples is of interest for data collection in machine learning. We present optimal sample complexity bounds for this problem in several learning settings, including (agnostic) PAC learning and online learning. Our results are based on tight bounds of the Natarajan and Littlestone dimensions of the associated problem. The corresponding tree classifiers can be constructed efficiently in near-linear time.

Gheorghe Comanici, Eric Bieber, Mike Schaekermann et al. · amazon-science, baidu

In this report, we introduce the Gemini 2.X model family: Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 2.5 Flash, as well as our earlier Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite models. Gemini 2.5 Pro is our most capable model yet, achieving SoTA performance on frontier coding and reasoning benchmarks. In addition to its incredible coding and reasoning skills, Gemini 2.5 Pro is a thinking model that excels at multimodal understanding and it is now able to process up to 3 hours of video content. Its unique combination of long context, multimodal and reasoning capabilities can be combined to unlock new agentic workflows. Gemini 2.5 Flash provides excellent reasoning abilities at a fraction of the compute and latency requirements and Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite provide high performance at low latency and cost. Taken together, the Gemini 2.X model generation spans the full Pareto frontier of model capability vs cost, allowing users to explore the boundaries of what is possible with complex agentic problem solving.