Sho Arora

Gheorghe Comanici, Eric Bieber, Mike Schaekermann et al. · amazon-science, baidu

In this report, we introduce the Gemini 2.X model family: Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 2.5 Flash, as well as our earlier Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite models. Gemini 2.5 Pro is our most capable model yet, achieving SoTA performance on frontier coding and reasoning benchmarks. In addition to its incredible coding and reasoning skills, Gemini 2.5 Pro is a thinking model that excels at multimodal understanding and it is now able to process up to 3 hours of video content. Its unique combination of long context, multimodal and reasoning capabilities can be combined to unlock new agentic workflows. Gemini 2.5 Flash provides excellent reasoning abilities at a fraction of the compute and latency requirements and Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite provide high performance at low latency and cost. Taken together, the Gemini 2.X model generation spans the full Pareto frontier of model capability vs cost, allowing users to explore the boundaries of what is possible with complex agentic problem solving.

Gemini Team, Rohan Anil, Sebastian Borgeaud et al.

This report introduces a new family of multimodal models, Gemini, that exhibit remarkable capabilities across image, audio, video, and text understanding. The Gemini family consists of Ultra, Pro, and Nano sizes, suitable for applications ranging from complex reasoning tasks to on-device memory-constrained use-cases. Evaluation on a broad range of benchmarks shows that our most-capable Gemini Ultra model advances the state of the art in 30 of 32 of these benchmarks - notably being the first model to achieve human-expert performance on the well-studied exam benchmark MMLU, and improving the state of the art in every one of the 20 multimodal benchmarks we examined. We believe that the new capabilities of the Gemini family in cross-modal reasoning and language understanding will enable a wide variety of use cases. We discuss our approach toward post-training and deploying Gemini models responsibly to users through services including Gemini, Gemini Advanced, Google AI Studio, and Cloud Vertex AI.

Jihyeon Lee, Sho Arora

Despite their importance in training artificial intelligence systems, large datasets remain challenging to acquire. For example, the ImageNet dataset required fourteen million labels of basic human knowledge, such as whether an image contains a chair. Unfortunately, this knowledge is so simple that it is tedious for human annotators but also tacit enough such that they are necessary. However, human collaborative efforts for tasks like labeling massive amounts of data are costly, inconsistent, and prone to failure, and this method does not resolve the issue of the resulting dataset being static in nature. What if we asked people questions they want to answer and collected their responses as data? This would mean we could gather data at a much lower cost, and expanding a dataset would simply become a matter of asking more questions. We focus on the task of Visual Question Answering (VQA) and propose a system that uses Visual Question Generation (VQG) to produce questions, asks them to social media users, and collects their responses. We present two models that can then parse clean answers from the noisy human responses significantly better than our baselines, with the goal of eventually incorporating the answers into a Visual Question Answering (VQA) dataset. By demonstrating how our system can collect large amounts of data at little to no cost, we envision similar systems being used to improve performance on other tasks in the future.