Wael Farhan

Gemini Team, Petko Georgiev, Ving Ian Lei et al. · deepmind, mila

In this report, we introduce the Gemini 1.5 family of models, representing the next generation of highly compute-efficient multimodal models capable of recalling and reasoning over fine-grained information from millions of tokens of context, including multiple long documents and hours of video and audio. The family includes two new models: (1) an updated Gemini 1.5 Pro, which exceeds the February version on the great majority of capabilities and benchmarks; (2) Gemini 1.5 Flash, a more lightweight variant designed for efficiency with minimal regression in quality. Gemini 1.5 models achieve near-perfect recall on long-context retrieval tasks across modalities, improve the state-of-the-art in long-document QA, long-video QA and long-context ASR, and match or surpass Gemini 1.0 Ultra's state-of-the-art performance across a broad set of benchmarks. Studying the limits of Gemini 1.5's long-context ability, we find continued improvement in next-token prediction and near-perfect retrieval (>99%) up to at least 10M tokens, a generational leap over existing models such as Claude 3.0 (200k) and GPT-4 Turbo (128k). Finally, we highlight real-world use cases, such as Gemini 1.5 collaborating with professionals on completing their tasks achieving 26 to 75% time savings across 10 different job categories, as well as surprising new capabilities of large language models at the frontier; when given a grammar manual for Kalamang, a language with fewer than 200 speakers worldwide, the model learns to translate English to Kalamang at a similar level to a person who learned from the same content.

Gheorghe Comanici, Eric Bieber, Mike Schaekermann et al. · amazon-science, baidu

In this report, we introduce the Gemini 2.X model family: Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 2.5 Flash, as well as our earlier Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite models. Gemini 2.5 Pro is our most capable model yet, achieving SoTA performance on frontier coding and reasoning benchmarks. In addition to its incredible coding and reasoning skills, Gemini 2.5 Pro is a thinking model that excels at multimodal understanding and it is now able to process up to 3 hours of video content. Its unique combination of long context, multimodal and reasoning capabilities can be combined to unlock new agentic workflows. Gemini 2.5 Flash provides excellent reasoning abilities at a fraction of the compute and latency requirements and Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite provide high performance at low latency and cost. Taken together, the Gemini 2.X model generation spans the full Pareto frontier of model capability vs cost, allowing users to explore the boundaries of what is possible with complex agentic problem solving.

Gemini Team, Rohan Anil, Sebastian Borgeaud et al.

This report introduces a new family of multimodal models, Gemini, that exhibit remarkable capabilities across image, audio, video, and text understanding. The Gemini family consists of Ultra, Pro, and Nano sizes, suitable for applications ranging from complex reasoning tasks to on-device memory-constrained use-cases. Evaluation on a broad range of benchmarks shows that our most-capable Gemini Ultra model advances the state of the art in 30 of 32 of these benchmarks - notably being the first model to achieve human-expert performance on the well-studied exam benchmark MMLU, and improving the state of the art in every one of the 20 multimodal benchmarks we examined. We believe that the new capabilities of the Gemini family in cross-modal reasoning and language understanding will enable a wide variety of use cases. We discuss our approach toward post-training and deploying Gemini models responsibly to users through services including Gemini, Gemini Advanced, Google AI Studio, and Cloud Vertex AI.

Wael Farhan, Muhy Eddin Za'ter, Qusai Abu Obaidah et al.

This paper proposes a novel approach to an automatic estimation of three speaker traits from Arabic speech: gender, emotion, and dialect. After showing promising results on different text classification tasks, the multi-task learning (MTL) approach is used in this paper for Arabic speech classification tasks. The dataset was assembled from six publicly available datasets. First, The datasets were edited and thoroughly divided into train, development, and test sets (open to the public), and a benchmark was set for each task and dataset throughout the paper. Then, three different networks were explored: Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Fully-Connected Neural Network (FCNN) on five different types of features: two raw features (MFCC and MEL) and three pre-trained vectors (i-vectors, d-vectors, and x-vectors). LSTM and CNN networks were implemented using raw features: MFCC and MEL, where FCNN was explored on the pre-trained vectors while varying the hyper-parameters of these networks to obtain the best results for each dataset and task. MTL was evaluated against the single task learning (STL) approach for the three tasks and six datasets, in which the MTL and pre-trained vectors almost constantly outperformed STL. All the data and pre-trained models used in this paper are available and can be acquired by the public.

Bashar Talafha, Mohammad Ali, Muhy Eddin Za'ter et al.

Arabic dialect identification is a complex problem for a number of inherent properties of the language itself. In this paper, we present the experiments conducted, and the models developed by our competing team, Mawdoo3 AI, along the way to achieving our winning solution to subtask 1 of the Nuanced Arabic Dialect Identification (NADI) shared task. The dialect identification subtask provides 21,000 country-level labeled tweets covering all 21 Arab countries. An unlabeled corpus of 10M tweets from the same domain is also presented by the competition organizers for optional use. Our winning solution itself came in the form of an ensemble of different training iterations of our pre-trained BERT model, which achieved a micro-averaged F1-score of 26.78% on the subtask at hand. We publicly release the pre-trained language model component of our winning solution under the name of Multi-dialect-Arabic-BERT model, for any interested researcher out there.

Hesham Al-Bataineh, Wael Farhan, Ahmad Mustafa et al.

Question semantic similarity is a challenging and active research problem that is very useful in many NLP applications, such as detecting duplicate questions in community question answering platforms such as Quora. Arabic is considered to be an under-resourced language, has many dialects, and rich in morphology. Combined together, these challenges make identifying semantically similar questions in Arabic even more difficult. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to tackle this problem, and test it on two benchmarks; one for Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), and another for the 24 major Arabic dialects. We are able to show that our new system outperforms state-of-the-art approaches by achieving 93% F1-score on the MSA benchmark and 82% on the dialectical one. This is achieved by utilizing contextualized word representations (ELMo embeddings) trained on a text corpus containing MSA and dialectic sentences. This in combination with a pairwise fine-grained similarity layer, helps our question-to-question similarity model to generalize predictions on different dialects while being trained only on question-to-question MSA data.

Haitham Seelawi, Ahmad Mustafa, Hesham Al-Bataineh et al.

Question semantic similarity (Q2Q) is a challenging task that is very useful in many NLP applications, such as detecting duplicate questions and question answering systems. In this paper, we present the results and findings of the shared task (Semantic Question Similarity in Arabic). The task was organized as part of the first workshop on NLP Solutions for Under Resourced Languages (NSURL 2019) The goal of the task is to predict whether two questions are semantically similar or not, even if they are phrased differently. A total of 9 teams participated in the task. The datasets created for this task are made publicly available to support further research on Arabic Q2Q.