Alexander Poddey

Alexander Poddey, Nik Scharmann

Ubiquitous connectivity, networked computation, open technologies and advances in intelligent web approaches enable the third-generation web, Web3.0. Not least due to advancements in crypto technologies adoption in real world applications, it is now possible to convert the internet of things (IoT) into an economy of things (EoT), which basically refers to a heterogeneous digital economy of everything (dEoE). Based on the realization of the deficiencies of Web2.0 and the loss of confidence in a central intermediaries based economy, a societal desire to overcome these deficiencies has emerged. In the beginning, the crypto movement has been enthusiastic about the ability to encode all necessities for a digital economy in algorithms and code. However, in the mean time, insight has gained ground that on the one hand, designing the EoT is a quite complex endeavor and the resulting system might fail to achieve the targeted ideals, even when no intermediaries are present. We emphasize this position by arguing that the EoT in fact corresponds to a complex system operated in open contexts, for which a sophisticated design approach and a set of measures are inevitable, in order to be able to achieve a valid design and operation. In addition, we argue that the high level guiding principles necessary for a valid and effective EoT align well with the ideals of the democratized Web3.0 movement, and are no naive rapture, but rather - adequate adoption provided - can lead to socioeconomic efficiency. Over and above, we postulate that in this kind of EoT, commercial companies not only play a role, but can benefit alongside the society. In more game theoretical jargon, one could state that it is rational for the society and enterprises to undertake the effort to establish a valid EoT based on these ideals.

Alexander Poddey, Tino Brade, Jan Erik Stellet et al.

In the recent years, there has been a rush towards highly autonomous systems operating in public environments, such as automated driving of road vehicles, passenger shuttle systems and mobile robots. These systems, operating in unstructured, public real-world environments (the operational design domain can be characterized as open context) per se bear a serious safety risk. The serious safety risk, the complexity of the necessary technical systems, the openness of the operational design domain and the regulatory situation pose a fundamental challenge to the automotive industry. Many different approaches to the validation of autonomous driving functions have been proposed over the course of the last years. However, although partly announced as the solution to the validation challenge, many of the praised approaches leave open crucial parts. To illustrate the contributions as well as the limitations of the individual approaches and providing strategies for 'viable' validation and approval of such systems, the first part of the paper gives an analysis of the fundamental challenges related to the valid design and operation of complex autonomous systems operating in open contexts. In the second part, we formalize the problem statement and provide algorithms for an iterative development and validation. In the last part we give a high level overview of a practical, holistic development process which we refer to as systematic, system view based approach to validation (in short sys2val) and comment on the contributions from ISO26262 and current state of ISO/PAS 21448 (SOTIF).