Alexandre Gouaillard

Ludovic Roux, Alexandre Gouaillard

With COVID-19, the interest for digital interactions has raised, putting in turn real-time (or low-latency) codecs into a new light. Most of the codec research has been traditionally focusing on coding efficiency, while very little literature exist on real-time codecs. It is shown how the speed at which content is made available impacts both latency and throughput. The authors introduce a new test set up, integrating a paced reader, which allows to run codec in the same condition as real-time media capture. Quality measurements using VMAF, as well as multiple speed measurements are made on encoding of HD and full HD video sequences, both at 25 fps and 50 fps to compare the respective performances of several implementations of the H.264, H.265, VP8, VP9 and AV1 codecs.

Romain Artru, Alexandre Gouaillard, Touradj Ebrahimi

Digital Watermarking is an extremely wide aspect of information security, either by its applications, by its properties, or by its designs. In particular, a lot of research has been made about video watermarking and it can make it quite difficult to put into perspective the various schemes possible in order to implement a watermarking process for a given application. This paper presents an in-depth overview of the current video watermarking technologies and how they each respond to certain criteria that may be imposed by the aimed application. The goal being in first place to be able to define the desired equilibrium point between invisibility, robustness and efficiency for an application. Then, given this balance, being able to deduce the best location of the information embedding as well as the method used to embed it. The equilibrium point is to be found using the needed properties of the watermark and by studying the threat model that the scheme will have to face. The location describes whether the extra information should be added to the metadata of the video, to its frames or to specific regions of its frames. Finally, the method to embed the watermark refers to the insertion domain and its coefficients to be altered in order to insert the wanted information.