Shereen Elsayed, Daniela Thyssens, Ahmed Rashed et al.
Time series forecasting is a crucial task in machine learning, as it has a wide range of applications including but not limited to forecasting electricity consumption, traffic, and air quality. Traditional forecasting models rely on rolling averages, vector auto-regression and auto-regressive integrated moving averages. On the other hand, deep learning and matrix factorization models have been recently proposed to tackle the same problem with more competitive performance. However, one major drawback of such models is that they tend to be overly complex in comparison to traditional techniques. In this paper, we report the results of prominent deep learning models with respect to a well-known machine learning baseline, a Gradient Boosting Regression Tree (GBRT) model. Similar to the deep neural network (DNN) models, we transform the time series forecasting task into a window-based regression problem. Furthermore, we feature-engineered the input and output structure of the GBRT model, such that, for each training window, the target values are concatenated with external features, and then flattened to form one input instance for a multi-output GBRT model. We conducted a comparative study on nine datasets for eight state-of-the-art deep-learning models that were presented at top-level conferences in the last years. The results demonstrate that the window-based input transformation boosts the performance of a simple GBRT model to levels that outperform all state-of-the-art DNN models evaluated in this paper.