Michele Tucci

Michele Tucci, Lexuan Meng, Josep M. Guerrero et al.

In this paper, we propose a secondary consensus-based control layer for current sharing and voltage balancing in DC microGrids (mGs). To this purpose, we assume that Distributed Generation Units (DGUs) are equipped with decentralized primary controllers guaranteeing voltage stability. This goal can be achieved using, for instance, Plug-and-Play (PnP) regulators. We analyze the behavior of the closed-loop mG by approximating local primary control loops with either unitary gains or first-order transfer functions. Besides proving exponential stability, current sharing, and voltage balancing, we describe how to design secondary controllers in a PnP fashion when DGUs are added or removed. Theoretical results are complemented by simulations, using a 7-DGUs mG implemented in Simulink/PLECS, and experiments on a 3-DGUs mG.

Stefano Riverso, Michele Tucci, Juan C. Vasquez et al.

This paper presents a distributed control architecture for voltage and frequency stabilization in AC islanded microgrids. In the primary control layer, each generation unit is equipped with a local controller acting on the corresponding voltage-source converter. Following the plug-and-play design approach previously proposed by some of the authors, whenever the addition/removal of a distributed generation unit is required, feasibility of the operation is automatically checked by designing local controllers through convex optimization. The update of the voltage-control layer, when units plug -in/-out, is therefore automatized and stability of the microgrid is always preserved. Moreover, local control design is based only on the knowledge of parameters of power lines and it does not require to store a global microgrid model. In this work, we focus on bus-connected microgrid topologies and enhance the primary plug-and-play layer with local virtual impedance loops and secondary coordinated controllers ensuring bus voltage tracking and reactive power sharing. In particular, the secondary control architecture is distributed, hence mirroring the modularity of the primary control layer. We validate primary and secondary controllers by performing experiments with balanced, unbalanced and nonlinear loads, on a setup composed of three bus-connected distributed generation units. Most importantly, the stability of the microgrid after the addition/removal of distributed generation units is assessed. Overall, the experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed modular control design framework, where generation units can be added/removed on the fly, thus enabling the deployment of virtual power plants that can be resized over time.

Michele Tucci, Alessandro Floriduz, Stefano Riverso et al.

In this paper, we provide an extension of the scalable algorithm proposed in (Riverso et al., 2015) for the design of Plug-and-Play (PnP) controllers for AC Islanded microGrids (ImGs). The method in (Riverso et al., 2015) assumes DGUs are arranged in a load-connected topology, i.e. loads can appear only at the output terminals of inverters. For handling totally general interconnections of DGUs and loads, we describe an approach based on Kron Reduction (KR), a network reduction method giving an equivalent load-connected model of the original ImG. However, existing KR approaches can fail in preserving the structure of transfer functions representing transmission lines. To avoid this drawback, we introduce an approximate KR algorithm, still capable to represent exactly the asymptotic periodic behavior of electric signals even if they are unbalanced. Our results are backed up with simulations illustrating features of the new KR approach as well as its use for designing PnP controllers in a 21-bus ImG derived from an IEEE test feeder.

Michele Tucci, Stefano Riverso, Giancarlo Ferrari-Trecate

We consider the problem of stabilizing voltages in DC microGrids (mGs) given by the interconnection of Distributed Generation Units (DGUs), power lines and loads. We propose a decentralized control architecture where the primary controller of each DGU can be designed in a Plug-and-Play (PnP) fashion, allowing the seamless addition of new DGUs. Differently from several other approaches to primary control, local design is independent of the parameters of power lines. Moreover, differently from the PnP control scheme in [1], the plug-in of a DGU does not require to update controllers of neighboring DGUs. Local control design is cast into a Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) problem that, if unfeasible, allows one to deny plug-in requests that might be dangerous for mG stability. The proof of closed-loop stability of voltages exploits structured Lyapunov functions, the LaSalle invariance theorem and properties of graph Laplacians. Theoretical results are backed up by simulations in PSCAD.

Martin Beseda, Vittorio Cortellessa, Daniele Di Pompeo et al.

This paper addresses the challenge of accurately detecting the transition from the warmup phase to the steady state in performance metric time series, which is a critical step for effective benchmarking. The goal is to introduce a method that avoids premature or delayed detection, which can lead to inaccurate or inefficient performance analysis. The proposed approach adapts techniques from the chemical reactors domain, detecting steady states online through the combination of kernel-based step detection and statistical methods. By using a window-based approach, it provides detailed information and improves the accuracy of identifying phase transitions, even in noisy or irregular time series. Results show that the new approach reduces total error by 14.5% compared to the state-of-the-art method. It offers more reliable detection of the steady-state onset, delivering greater precision for benchmarking tasks. For users, the new approach enhances the accuracy and stability of performance benchmarking, efficiently handling diverse time series data. Its robustness and adaptability make it a valuable tool for real-world performance evaluation, ensuring consistent and reproducible results.

Vittorio Cortellessa, Daniele Di Pompeo, Vincenzo Stoico et al.

Software quality estimation is a challenging and time-consuming activity, and models are crucial to face the complexity of such activity on modern software applications. One main challenge is that the improvement of distinctive quality attributes may require contrasting refactoring actions on an application, as for trade-off between performance and reliability. In such cases, multi-objective optimization can provide the designer with a wider view on these trade-offs and, consequently, can lead to identify suitable actions that take into account independent or even competing objectives. In this paper, we present an approach that exploits the NSGA-II multi-objective evolutionary algorithm to search optimal Pareto solution frontiers for software refactoring while considering as objectives: i) performance variation, ii) reliability, iii) amount of performance antipatterns, and iv) architectural distance. The algorithm combines randomly generated refactoring actions into solutions (i.e., sequences of actions) and compares them according to the objectives. We have applied our approach on a train ticket booking service case study, and we have focused the analysis on the impact of performance antipatterns on the quality of solutions. Indeed, we observe that the approach finds better solutions when antipatterns enter the multi-objective optimization. In particular, performance antipatterns objective leads to solutions improving the performance by up to 15% with respect to the case where antipatterns are not considered, without affecting the solution quality on other objectives.

Michele Tucci, Giancarlo Ferrari Trecate

We propose a decentralized control synthesis procedure for stabilizing voltage and frequency in AC Islanded microGrids (ImGs) composed of Distributed Generation Units (DGUs) and loads interconnected through power lines. The presented approach enables Plug-and-Play (PnP) operations, meaning that DGUs can be added or removed without compromising the overall ImG stability. The main feature of our approach is that the proposed design algorithm is line-independent. This implies that (i) the synthesis of each local controller requires only the parameters of the corresponding DGU and not the model of power lines connecting neighboring DGUs, and (ii) whenever a new DGU is plugged in, DGUs physically coupled with it do not have to retune their regulators because of the new power line connected to them. Moreover, we formally prove that stabilizing local controllers can be always computed, independently of the electrical parameters. Theoretical results are validated by simulating in PSCAD the behavior of a 10-DGUs ImG.

Michele Tucci, Stefano Riverso, Juan C. Vasquez et al.

We propose a new decentralized control scheme for DC Islanded microGrids (ImGs) composed by several Distributed Generation Units (DGUs) with a general interconnection topology. Each local controller regulates to a reference value the voltage of the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) of the corresponding DGU. Notably, off-line control design is conducted in a Plug-and-Play (PnP) fashion meaning that (i) the possibility of adding/removing a DGU without spoiling stability of the overall ImG is checked through an optimization problem; (ii) when a DGU is plugged in or out at most neighbouring DGUs have to update their controllers and (iii) the synthesis of a local controller uses only information on the corresponding DGU and lines connected to it. This guarantee total scalability of control synthesis as the ImG size grows or DGU gets replaced. Yes, under mild approximations of line dynamics, we formally guarantee stability of the overall closed-loop ImG. The performance of the proposed controllers is analyzed simulating different scenarios in PSCAD.