Md Manjurul Ahsan

Md Manjurul Ahsan, Muhammad Ramiz Uddin, Mithila Farjana et al.

While the world is still attempting to recover from the damage caused by the broad spread of COVID-19, the Monkeypox virus poses a new threat of becoming a global pandemic. Although the Monkeypox virus itself is not deadly and contagious as COVID-19, still every day, new patients case has been reported from many nations. Therefore, it will be no surprise if the world ever faces another global pandemic due to the lack of proper precautious steps. Recently, Machine learning (ML) has demonstrated huge potential in image-based diagnoses such as cancer detection, tumor cell identification, and COVID-19 patient detection. Therefore, a similar application can be adopted to diagnose the Monkeypox-related disease as it infected the human skin, which image can be acquired and further used in diagnosing the disease. Considering this opportunity, in this work, we introduce a newly developed "Monkeypox2022" dataset that is publicly available to use and can be obtained from our shared GitHub repository. The dataset is created by collecting images from multiple open-source and online portals that do not impose any restrictions on use, even for commercial purposes, hence giving a safer path to use and disseminate such data when constructing and deploying any type of ML model. Further, we propose and evaluate a modified VGG16 model, which includes two distinct studies: Study One and Two. Our exploratory computational results indicate that our suggested model can identify Monkeypox patients with an accuracy of $97\pm1.8\%$ (AUC=97.2) and $88\pm0.8\%$ (AUC=0.867) for Study One and Two, respectively. Additionally, we explain our model's prediction and feature extraction utilizing Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) help to a deeper insight into specific features that characterize the onset of the Monkeypox virus.

Md Manjurul Ahsan, Muhammad Ramiz Uddin, Shahana Akter Luna

This paper explains the initial Monkeypox Open image data collection procedure. It was created by assembling images collected from websites, newspapers, and online portals and currently contains around 1905 images after data augmentation.

Md Manjurul Ahsan, Tareque Abu Abdullah, Md Shahin Ali et al.

The recent development of Monkeypox disease among various nations poses a global pandemic threat when the world is still fighting Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). At its dawn, the slow and steady transmission of Monkeypox disease among individuals needs to be addressed seriously. Over the years, Deep learning (DL) based disease prediction has demonstrated true potential by providing early, cheap, and affordable diagnosis facilities. Considering this opportunity, we have conducted two studies where we modified and tested six distinct deep learning models-VGG16, InceptionResNetV2, ResNet50, ResNet101, MobileNetV2, and VGG19-using transfer learning approaches. Our preliminary computational results show that the proposed modified InceptionResNetV2 and MobileNetV2 models perform best by achieving an accuracy ranging from 93% to 99%. Our findings are reinforced by recent academic work that demonstrates improved performance in constructing multiple disease diagnosis models using transfer learning approaches. Lastly, we further explain our model prediction using Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME), which play an essential role in identifying important features that characterize the onset of Monkeypox disease.

Md Manjurul Ahsan, Yingtao Liu, Shivakumar Raman et al.

Digital Twins (DTs) are becoming popular in Additive Manufacturing (AM) due to their ability to create virtual replicas of physical components of AM machines, which helps in real-time production monitoring. Advanced techniques such as Machine Learning (ML), Augmented Reality (AR), and simulation-based models play key roles in developing intelligent and adaptable DTs in manufacturing processes. However, questions remain regarding scalability, the integration of high-quality data, and the computational power required for real-time applications in developing DTs. Understanding the current state of DTs in AM is essential to address these challenges and fully utilize their potential in advancing AM processes. Considering this opportunity, this work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of DTs in AM by addressing the following four research questions: (1) What are the key types of DTs used in AM and their specific applications? (2) What are the recent developments and implementations of DTs? (3) How are DTs employed in process improvement and hybrid manufacturing? (4) How are DTs integrated with Industry 4.0 technologies? By discussing current applications and techniques, we aim to offer a better understanding and potential future research directions for researchers and practitioners in AM and DTs.

Md Manjurul Ahsan, Shivakumar Raman, Yingtao Liu et al.

Diffusion Models are probabilistic models that create realistic samples by simulating the diffusion process, gradually adding and removing noise from data. These models have gained popularity in domains such as image processing, speech synthesis, and natural language processing due to their ability to produce high-quality samples. As Diffusion Models are being adopted in various domains, existing literature reviews that often focus on specific areas like computer vision or medical imaging may not serve a broader audience across multiple fields. Therefore, this review presents a comprehensive overview of Diffusion Models, covering their theoretical foundations and algorithmic innovations. We highlight their applications in diverse areas such as media quality, authenticity, synthesis, image transformation, healthcare, and more. By consolidating current knowledge and identifying emerging trends, this review aims to facilitate a deeper understanding and broader adoption of Diffusion Models and provide guidelines for future researchers and practitioners across diverse disciplines.

Md Manjurul Ahsan, Md Shahin Ali, Zahed Siddique

Class imbalance in a dataset is one of the major challenges that can significantly impact the performance of machine learning models resulting in biased predictions. Numerous techniques have been proposed to address class imbalanced problems, including, but not limited to, Oversampling, Undersampling, and cost-sensitive approaches. Due to its ability to generate synthetic data, oversampling techniques such as the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) is among the most widely used methodology by researchers. However, one of SMOTE's potential disadvantages is that newly created minor samples may overlap with major samples. As an effect, the probability of ML models' biased performance towards major classes increases. Recently, generative adversarial network (GAN) has garnered much attention due to its ability to create almost real samples. However, GAN is hard to train even though it has much potential. This study proposes two novel techniques: GAN-based Oversampling (GBO) and Support Vector Machine-SMOTE-GAN (SSG) to overcome the limitations of the existing oversampling approaches. The preliminary computational result shows that SSG and GBO performed better on the expanded imbalanced eight benchmark datasets than the original SMOTE. The study also revealed that the minor sample generated by SSG demonstrates Gaussian distributions, which is often difficult to achieve using original SMOTE.

Md Manjurul Ahsan, Shivakumar Raman, Zahed Siddique

Additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining attention across various industries like healthcare, aerospace, and automotive. However, identifying defects early in the AM process can reduce production costs and improve productivity - a key challenge. This study explored the effectiveness of machine learning (ML) approaches, specifically transfer learning (TL) models, for defect detection in 3D-printed cylinders. Images of cylinders were analyzed using models including VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, ResNet101, InceptionResNetV2, and MobileNetV2. Performance was compared across two datasets using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics. In the first study, VGG16, InceptionResNetV2, and MobileNetV2 achieved perfect scores. In contrast, ResNet50 had the lowest performance, with an average F1-score of 0.32. Similarly, in the second study, MobileNetV2 correctly classified all instances, while ResNet50 struggled with more false positives and fewer true positives, resulting in an F1-score of 0.75. Overall, the findings suggest certain TL models like MobileNetV2 can deliver high accuracy for AM defect classification, although performance varies across algorithms. The results provide insights into model optimization and integration needs for reliable automated defect analysis during 3D printing. By identifying the top-performing TL techniques, this study aims to enhance AM product quality through robust image-based monitoring and inspection.

Md Manjurul Ahsan, Shivakumar Raman, Zahed Siddique

Over the years, the Invariant Scattering Transform (IST) technique has become popular for medical image analysis, including using wavelet transform computation using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to capture patterns' scale and orientation in the input signal. IST aims to be invariant to transformations that are common in medical images, such as translation, rotation, scaling, and deformation, used to improve the performance in medical imaging applications such as segmentation, classification, and registration, which can be integrated into machine learning algorithms for disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment planning. Additionally, combining IST with deep learning approaches has the potential to leverage their strengths and enhance medical image analysis outcomes. This study provides an overview of IST in medical imaging by considering the types of IST, their application, limitations, and potential scopes for future researchers and practitioners.

Md Manjurul Ahsan

Divorce is one of the most common social issues in developed countries like in the United States. Almost 50% of the recent marriages turn into an involuntary divorce or separation. While it is evident that people vary to a different extent, and even over time, an incident like Divorce does not interrupt the individual's daily activities; still, Divorce has a severe effect on the individual's mental health, and personal life. Within the scope of this research, the divorce prediction was carried out by evaluating a dataset named by the 'divorce predictor dataset' to correctly classify between married and Divorce people using six different machine learning algorithms- Logistic Regression (LR), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Classification and Regression Trees (CART), Gaussian Naïve Bayes (NB), and, Support Vector Machines (SVM). Preliminary computational results show that algorithms such as SVM, KNN, and LDA, can perform that task with an accuracy of 98.57%. This work's additional novel contribution is the detailed and comprehensive explanation of prediction probabilities using Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME). Utilizing LIME to analyze test results illustrates the possibility of differentiating between divorced and married couples. Finally, we have developed a divorce predictor app considering ten most important features that potentially affect couples in making decisions in their divorce, such tools can be used by any one in order to identify their relationship condition.

Mahfuz Ahmed Anik, Abdur Rahman, Azmine Toushik Wasi et al.

Language is a cornerstone of cultural identity, yet globalization and the dominance of major languages have placed nearly 3,000 languages at risk of extinction. Existing AI-driven translation models prioritize efficiency but often fail to capture cultural nuances, idiomatic expressions, and historical significance, leading to translations that marginalize linguistic diversity. To address these challenges, we propose a multi-agent AI framework designed for culturally adaptive translation in underserved language communities. Our approach leverages specialized agents for translation, interpretation, content synthesis, and bias evaluation, ensuring that linguistic accuracy and cultural relevance are preserved. Using CrewAI and LangChain, our system enhances contextual fidelity while mitigating biases through external validation. Comparative analysis shows that our framework outperforms GPT-4o, producing contextually rich and culturally embedded translations, a critical advancement for Indigenous, regional, and low-resource languages. This research underscores the potential of multi-agent AI in fostering equitable, sustainable, and culturally sensitive NLP technologies, aligning with the AI Governance, Cultural NLP, and Sustainable NLP pillars of Language Models for Underserved Communities. Our full experimental codebase is publicly available at: https://github.com/ciol-researchlab/Context-Aware_Translation_MAS

Mohsin Mahmud Topu, Azmine Toushik Wasi, Mahfuz Ahmed Anik et al.

Climate-vulnerable road networks require a paradigm shift from reactive, fix-on-failure repairs to predictive, decision-ready maintenance. This paper introduces ST-ResGAT, a novel Spatio-Temporal Residual Graph Attention Network that fuses residual graph-attention encoding with GRU temporal aggregation to forecast pavement deterioration. Engineered for resource-constrained deployment, the framework translates continuous Pavement Condition Index (PCI) forecasts directly into the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)-compliant maintenance priorities. Using a real-world inspection dataset of 750 segments in Sylhet, Bangladesh (2021-2024), ST-ResGAT significantly outperforms traditional non-spatial machine learning baselines, achieving exceptional predictive fidelity (R2 = 0.93, RMSE = 2.72). Crucially, ablation testing confirmed the mathematical necessity of modeling topological neighbor effects, proving that structural decay acts as a spatial contagion. Uniquely, we integrate GNNExplainer to unbox the model, demonstrating that its learned priorities align perfectly with established physical engineering theory. Furthermore, we quantify classification safety: achieving 85.5% exact ASTM class agreement and 100% adjacent-class containment, ensuring bounded, engineer-safe predictions. To connect model outputs to policy, we generate localized longitudinal maintenance profiles, perform climate stress-testing, and derive Pareto sustainability frontiers. ST-ResGAT therefore offers a practical, explainable, and sustainable blueprint for intelligent infrastructure management in high-risk, low-resource geological settings.

Mahfuz Ahmed Anik, Mohsin Mahmud Topu, Azmine Toushik Wasi et al.

Sleep quality is influenced by a complex interplay of behavioral, environmental, and psychosocial factors, yet most computational studies focus mainly on predictive risk identification rather than actionable intervention design. Although machine learning models can accurately predict subjective sleep outcomes, they rarely translate predictive insights into practical intervention strategies. To address this gap, we propose a personalized predictive-prescriptive framework that integrates interpretable machine learning with mixed-integer optimization. A supervised classifier trained on survey data predicts sleep quality, while SHAP-based feature attribution quantifies the influence of modifiable factors. These importance measures are incorporated into a mixed-integer optimization model that identifies minimal and feasible behavioral adjustments, while modelling resistance to change through a penalty mechanism. The framework achieves strong predictive performance, with a test F1-score of 0.9544 and an accuracy of 0.9366. Sensitivity and Pareto analyses reveal a clear trade-off between expected improvement and intervention intensity, with diminishing returns as additional changes are introduced. At the individual level, the model generates concise recommendations, often suggesting one or two high-impact behavioral adjustments and sometimes recommending no change when expected gains are minimal. By integrating prediction, explanation, and constrained optimization, this framework demonstrates how data-driven insights can be translated into structured and personalized decision support for sleep improvement.

Md Shahin Ali, Md Manjurul Ahsan, Lamia Tasnim et al.

Data privacy has become a major concern in healthcare due to the increasing digitization of medical records and data-driven medical research. Protecting sensitive patient information from breaches and unauthorized access is critical, as such incidents can have severe legal and ethical complications. Federated Learning (FL) addresses this concern by enabling multiple healthcare institutions to collaboratively learn from decentralized data without sharing it. FL's scope in healthcare covers areas such as disease prediction, treatment customization, and clinical trial research. However, implementing FL poses challenges, including model convergence in non-IID (independent and identically distributed) data environments, communication overhead, and managing multi-institutional collaborations. A systematic review of FL in healthcare is necessary to evaluate how effectively FL can provide privacy while maintaining the integrity and usability of medical data analysis. In this study, we analyze existing literature on FL applications in healthcare. We explore the current state of model security practices, identify prevalent challenges, and discuss practical applications and their implications. Additionally, the review highlights promising future research directions to refine FL implementations, enhance data security protocols, and expand FL's use to broader healthcare applications, which will benefit future researchers and practitioners.

Mohsin Mahmud Topu, Mahfuz Ahmed Anik, Azmine Toushik Wasi et al.

Pavement infrastructure monitoring is challenged by complex spatial dependencies, changing environmental conditions, and non-linear deterioration across road networks. Traditional Pavement Management Systems (PMS) remain largely reactive, lacking real-time intelligence for failure prevention and optimal maintenance planning. To address this, we propose a unified Digital Twin (DT) and Graph Neural Network (GNN) framework for scalable, data-driven pavement health monitoring and predictive maintenance. Pavement segments and spatial relations are modeled as graph nodes and edges, while real-time UAV, sensor, and LiDAR data stream into the DT. The inductive GNN learns deterioration patterns from graph-structured inputs to forecast distress and enable proactive interventions. Trained on a real-world-inspired dataset with segment attributes and dynamic connectivity, our model achieves an R2 of 0.3798, outperforming baseline regressors and effectively capturing non-linear degradation. We also develop an interactive dashboard and reinforcement learning module for simulation, visualization, and adaptive maintenance planning. This DT-GNN integration enhances forecasting precision and establishes a closed feedback loop for continuous improvement, positioning the approach as a foundation for proactive, intelligent, and sustainable pavement management, with future extensions toward real-world deployment, multi-agent coordination, and smart-city integration.

Abdullah al Nomaan Nafi, Md. Alamgir Hossain, Rakib Hossain Rifat et al.

Data scarcity in medical imaging poses significant challenges due to privacy concerns. Diffusion models, a recent generative modeling technique, offer a potential solution by generating synthetic and realistic data. However, questions remain about the performance of convolutional neural network (CNN) models on original and synthetic datasets. If diffusion-generated samples can help CNN models perform comparably to those trained on original datasets, reliance on patient-specific data for training CNNs might be reduced. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of diffusion models for generating synthetic medical images to train CNNs in three domains: Brain Tumor MRI, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), and SARS-CoV-2 CT scans. A diffusion model was trained to generate synthetic datasets for each domain. Pre-trained CNN architectures were then trained on these synthetic datasets and evaluated on unseen real data. All three datasets achieved promising classification performance using CNNs trained on synthetic data. Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) analysis revealed that the models focused on relevant image features for classification. This study demonstrates the potential of diffusion models to generate synthetic medical images for training CNNs in medical image analysis.

Azmine Toushik Wasi, Mahfuz Ahmed Anik, Abdur Rahman et al.

Supply chain management is growing increasingly complex due to globalization, evolving market demands, and sustainability pressures, yet traditional systems struggle with fragmented data and limited analytical capabilities. Graph-based modeling offers a powerful way to capture the intricate relationships within supply chains, while Digital Twins (DTs) enable real-time monitoring and dynamic simulations. However, current implementations often face challenges related to scalability, data integration, and the lack of sustainability-focused metrics. To address these gaps, we propose a Graph-Based Digital Twin Framework for Supply Chain Optimization, which combines graph modeling with DT architecture to create a dynamic, real-time representation of supply networks. Our framework integrates a Data Integration Layer to harmonize disparate sources, a Graph Construction Module to model complex dependencies, and a Simulation and Analysis Engine for scalable optimization. Importantly, we embed sustainability metrics - such as carbon footprints and resource utilization - into operational dashboards to drive eco-efficiency. By leveraging the synergy between graph-based modeling and DTs, our approach enhances scalability, improves decision-making, and enables organizations to proactively manage disruptions, cut costs, and transition toward greener, more resilient supply chains.

Tasfiq E. Alam, Md Manjurul Ahsan, Shivakumar Raman

Bearings play an integral role in ensuring the reliability and efficiency of rotating machinery - reducing friction and handling critical loads. Bearing failures that constitute up to 90% of mechanical faults highlight the imperative need for reliable condition monitoring and fault detection. This study proposes a multimodal bearing fault classification approach that relies on vibration and motor phase current signals within a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN) framework. The method fuses features from multiple signals to enhance the accuracy of fault detection. Under the baseline condition (1,500 rpm, 0.7 Nm load torque, and 1,000 N radial force), the model reaches an accuracy of 96% with addition of L2 regularization. This represents a notable improvement of 2% compared to the non-regularized model. In addition, the model demonstrates robust performance across three distinct operating conditions by employing transfer learning (TL) strategies. Among the tested TL variants, the approach that preserves parameters up to the first max-pool layer and then adjusts subsequent layers achieves the highest performance. While this approach attains excellent accuracy across varied conditions, it requires more computational time due to its greater number of trainable parameters. To address resource constraints, less computationally intensive models offer feasible trade-offs, albeit at a slight accuracy cost. Overall, this multimodal 1D CNN framework with late fusion and TL strategies lays a foundation for more accurate, adaptable, and efficient bearing fault classification in industrial environments with variable operating conditions.

Kishor Datta Gupta, Md Manjurul Ahsan, Mohd Ariful Haque et al.

Cities today generate enormous streams of data from sensors, cameras, and connected infrastructure. While this information offers unprecedented opportunities to improve urban life, most existing systems struggle with scale, latency, and fragmented insights. This work introduces a framework that blends physics-informed machine learning, multimodal data fusion, and knowledge graph representation with adaptive, rule-based intelligence powered by large language models (LLMs). Physics-informed methods ground learning in real-world constraints, ensuring predictions remain meaningful and consistent with physical dynamics. Knowledge graphs act as the semantic backbone, integrating heterogeneous sensor data into a connected, queryable structure. At the edge, LLMs generate context-aware rules that adapt filtering and decision-making in real time, enabling efficient operation even under constrained resources. Together, these elements form a foundation for digital twin systems that go beyond passive monitoring to provide actionable insights. By uniting physics-based reasoning, semantic data fusion, and adaptive rule generation, this approach opens new possibilities for creating responsive, trustworthy, and sustainable smart infrastructures.

Tasfiq E. Alam, Md Manjurul Ahsan, Shivakumar Raman

Accurate and interpretable bearing fault classification is critical for ensuring the reliability of rotating machinery, particularly under variable operating conditions where domain shifts can significantly degrade model performance. This study proposes a physics-informed multimodal convolutional neural network (CNN) with a late fusion architecture, integrating vibration and motor current signals alongside a dedicated physics-based feature extraction branch. The model incorporates a novel physics-informed loss function that penalizes physically implausible predictions based on characteristic bearing fault frequencies - Ball Pass Frequency Outer (BPFO) and Ball Pass Frequency Inner (BPFI) - derived from bearing geometry and shaft speed. Comprehensive experiments on the Paderborn University dataset demonstrate that the proposed physics-informed approach consistently outperforms a non-physics-informed baseline, achieving higher accuracy, reduced false classifications, and improved robustness across multiple data splits. To address performance degradation under unseen operating conditions, three transfer learning (TL) strategies - Target-Specific Fine-Tuning (TSFT), Layer-Wise Adaptation Strategy (LAS), and Hybrid Feature Reuse (HFR) - are evaluated. Results show that LAS yields the best generalization, with additional performance gains when combined with physics-informed modeling. Validation on the KAIST bearing dataset confirms the framework's cross-dataset applicability, achieving up to 98 percent accuracy. Statistical hypothesis testing further verifies significant improvements (p < 0.01) in classification performance. The proposed framework demonstrates the potential of integrating domain knowledge with data-driven learning to achieve robust, interpretable, and generalizable fault diagnosis for real-world industrial applications.

Hamidreza Samadi, Md Manjurul Ahsan, Shivakumar Raman

This study addresses the challenge of accurately forecasting geometric deviations in manufactured components using advanced 3D surface analysis. Despite progress in modern manufacturing, maintaining dimensional precision remains difficult, particularly for complex geometries. We present a methodology that employs a high-resolution 3D scanner to acquire multi-angle surface data from 237 components produced across different batches. The data were processed through precise alignment, noise reduction, and merging techniques to generate accurate 3D representations. A hybrid machine learning framework was developed, combining convolutional neural networks for feature extraction with gradient-boosted decision trees for predictive modeling. The proposed system achieved a prediction accuracy of 0.012 mm at a 95% confidence level, representing a 73% improvement over conventional statistical process control methods. In addition to improved accuracy, the model revealed hidden correlations between manufacturing parameters and geometric deviations. This approach offers significant potential for automated quality control, predictive maintenance, and design optimization in precision manufacturing, and the resulting dataset provides a strong foundation for future predictive modeling research.

Azmine Toushik Wasi, Enjamamul Haque Eram, Sabrina Afroz Mitu et al.

Industry 5.0 marks a new phase in industrial evolution, emphasizing human-centricity, sustainability, and resilience through the integration of advanced technologies. Within this evolving landscape, Generative AI (GenAI) and autonomous systems are not only transforming industrial processes but also emerging as pivotal geopolitical instruments. We examine strategic implications of GenAI in Industry 5.0, arguing that these technologies have become national assets central to sovereignty, access, and global influence. As countries compete for AI supremacy, growing disparities in talent, computational infrastructure, and data access are reshaping global power hierarchies and accelerating the fragmentation of the digital economy. The human-centric ethos of Industry 5.0, anchored in collaboration between humans and intelligent systems, increasingly conflicts with the autonomy and opacity of GenAI, raising urgent governance challenges related to meaningful human control, dual-use risks, and accountability. We analyze how these dynamics influence defense strategies, industrial competitiveness, and supply chain resilience, including the geopolitical weaponization of export controls and the rise of data sovereignty. Our contribution synthesizes technological, economic, and ethical perspectives to propose a comprehensive framework for navigating the intersection of GenAI and geopolitics. We call for governance models that balance national autonomy with international coordination while safeguarding human-centric values in an increasingly AI-driven world.

Md Manjurul Ahsan, Shivakumar Raman, Zahed Siddique

Class imbalanced problems (CIP) are one of the potential challenges in developing unbiased Machine Learning (ML) models for predictions. CIP occurs when data samples are not equally distributed between the two or multiple classes. Borderline-Synthetic Minority Oversampling Techniques (SMOTE) is one of the approaches that has been used to balance the imbalance data by oversampling the minor (limited) samples. One of the potential drawbacks of existing Borderline-SMOTE is that it focuses on the data samples that lay at the border point and gives more attention to the extreme observations, ultimately limiting the creation of more diverse data after oversampling, and that is the almost scenario for the most of the borderline-SMOTE based oversampling strategies. As an effect, marginalization occurs after oversampling. To address these issues, in this work, we propose a hybrid oversampling technique by combining the power of borderline SMOTE and Generative Adversarial Network to generate more diverse data that follow Gaussian distributions. We named it BSGAN and tested it on four highly imbalanced datasets: Ecoli, Wine quality, Yeast, and Abalone. Our preliminary computational results reveal that BSGAN outperformed existing borderline SMOTE and GAN-based oversampling techniques and created a more diverse dataset that follows normal distribution after oversampling effect.

Jannatul Nayem, Sayed Sahriar Hasan, Noshin Amina et al.

Deep learning becomes an elevated context regarding disposing of many machine learning tasks and has shown a breakthrough upliftment to extract features from unstructured data. Though this flourishing context is developing in the medical image processing sector, scarcity of problem-dependent training data has become a larger issue in the way of easy application of deep learning in the medical sector. To unravel the confined data source, researchers have developed a model that can solve machine learning problems with fewer data called ``Few shot learning". Few hot learning algorithms determine to solve the data limitation problems by extracting the characteristics from a small dataset through classification and segmentation methods. In the medical sector, there is frequently a shortage of available datasets in respect of some confidential diseases. Therefore, Few shot learning gets the limelight in this data scarcity sector. In this chapter, the background and basic overview of a few shots of learning is represented. Henceforth, the classification of few-shot learning is described also. Even the paper shows a comparison of methodological approaches that are applied in medical image analysis over time. The current advancement in the implementation of few-shot learning concerning medical imaging is illustrated. The future scope of this domain in the medical imaging sector is further described.

Rupal Roy, MM Rashid, Md Manjurul Ahsan et al.

Over the years, the number of exoskeleton devices utilized for upper-limb rehabilitation has increased dramatically, each with its own set of pros and cons. Most exoskeletons are not portable, limiting their utility to daily use for house patients. Additionally, the huge size of some grounded exoskeletons consumes space while maintaining a sophisticated structure and require more expensive materials. In other words, to maintain affordability, the device's structure must be simple. Thus, in this work, a portable elbow exoskeleton is developed using SolidWorks to incorporate a Twisted Strings Actuator (TSA) to aid in upper-limb rehabilitation and to provide an alternative for those with compromised limbs to recuperate. Experiments are conducted to identify the optimal value for building a more flexible elbow exoskeleton prototype by analyzing stress, strain conditions, torque, forces, and strings. Preliminary computational findings reveal that for the proposed intended prototype, a string length of.033 m and a torque value ranging from 1.5 Nm to 3 Nm are optimal.

Md Manjurul Ahsan, Zahed Siddique

Machine Learning (ML) has garnered considerable attention from researchers and practitioners as a new and adaptable tool for disease diagnosis. With the advancement of ML and the proliferation of papers and research in this field, a complete examination of Machine Learning-Based Disease Diagnosis (MLBDD) is required. From a bibliometrics standpoint, this article comprehensively studies MLBDD papers from 2012 to 2021. Consequently, with particular keywords, 1710 papers with associate information have been extracted from the Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) database and integrated into the excel datasheet for further analysis. First, we examine the publication structures based on yearly publications and the most productive countries/regions, institutions, and authors. Second, the co-citation networks of countries/regions, institutions, authors, and articles are visualized using R-studio software. They are further examined in terms of citation structure and the most influential ones. This article gives an overview of MLBDD for researchers interested in the subject and conducts a thorough and complete study of MLBDD for those interested in conducting more research in this field.

Md Manjurul Ahsan, Zahed Siddique

Globally, there is a substantial unmet need to diagnose various diseases effectively. The complexity of the different disease mechanisms and underlying symptoms of the patient population presents massive challenges to developing the early diagnosis tool and effective treatment. Machine Learning (ML), an area of Artificial Intelligence (AI), enables researchers, physicians, and patients to solve some of these issues. Based on relevant research, this review explains how Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) are being used to help in the early identification of numerous diseases. To begin, a bibliometric study of the publication is given using data from the Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) databases. The bibliometric study of 1216 publications was undertaken to determine the most prolific authors, nations, organizations, and most cited articles. The review then summarizes the most recent trends and approaches in Machine Learning-based Disease Diagnosis (MLBDD), considering the following factors: algorithm, disease types, data type, application, and evaluation metrics. Finally, the paper highlights key results and provides insight into future trends and opportunities in the MLBDD area.

Rais Mohammad Salman, Mahbubur Rashid, Rupal Roy et al.

Driver drowsiness detection using videos/images is one of the most essential areas in today's time for driver safety. The development of deep learning techniques, notably Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), applied in computer vision applications such as drowsiness detection, has shown promising results due to the tremendous increase in technology in the recent few decades. Eyes that are closed or blinking excessively, yawning, nodding, and occlusion are all key aspects of drowsiness. In this work, we have applied four different Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) techniques on the YawDD dataset to detect and examine the extent of drowsiness depending on the yawning frequency with specific pose and occlusion variation. Preliminary computational results show that our proposed Ensemble Convolutional Neural Network (ECNN) outperformed the traditional CNN-based approach by achieving an F1 score of 0.935, whereas the other three CNN, such as CNN1, CNN2, and CNN3 approaches gained 0.92, 0.90, and 0.912 F1 scores, respectively.

Md Manjurul Ahsan, Zahed Siddique

Heart disease is one of the significant challenges in today's world and one of the leading causes of many deaths worldwide. Recent advancement of machine learning (ML) application demonstrates that using electrocardiogram (ECG) and patient data, detecting heart disease during the early stage is feasible. However, both ECG and patient data are often imbalanced, which ultimately raises a challenge for the traditional ML to perform unbiasedly. Over the years, several data level and algorithm level solutions have been exposed by many researchers and practitioners. To provide a broader view of the existing literature, this study takes a systematic literature review (SLR) approach to uncover the challenges associated with imbalanced data in heart diseases predictions. Before that, we conducted a meta-analysis using 451 referenced literature acquired from the reputed journals between 2012 and November 15, 2021. For in-depth analysis, 49 referenced literature has been considered and studied, taking into account the following factors: heart disease type, algorithms, applications, and solutions. Our SLR study revealed that the current approaches encounter various open problems/issues when dealing with imbalanced data, eventually hindering their practical applicability and functionality.

Md Manjurul Ahsan, Kishor Datta Gupta, Mohammad Maminur Islam et al.

The outbreak of COVID-19 disease caused more than 100,000 deaths so far in the USA alone. It is necessary to conduct an initial screening of patients with the symptoms of COVID-19 disease to control the spread of the disease. However, it is becoming laborious to conduct the tests with the available testing kits due to the growing number of patients. Some studies proposed CT scan or chest X-ray images as an alternative solution. Therefore, it is essential to use every available resource, instead of either a CT scan or chest X-ray to conduct a large number of tests simultaneously. As a result, this study aims to develop a deep learning-based model that can detect COVID-19 patients with better accuracy both on CT scan and chest X-ray image dataset. In this work, eight different deep learning approaches such as VGG16, InceptionResNetV2, ResNet50, DenseNet201, VGG19, MobilenetV2, NasNetMobile, and ResNet15V2 have been tested on two dataset-one dataset includes 400 CT scan images, and another dataset includes 400 chest X-ray images studied. Besides, Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) is used to explain the model's interpretability. Using LIME, test results demonstrate that it is conceivable to interpret top features that should have worked to build a trust AI framework to distinguish between patients with COVID-19 symptoms with other patients.