Paweł Zyblewski

Paweł Zyblewski, Leandro L. Minku

Technological advances facilitate the ability to acquire multimodal data, posing a challenge for recognition systems while also providing an opportunity to use the heterogeneous nature of the information to increase the generalization capability of models. An often overlooked issue is the cost of the labeling process, which is typically high due to the need for a significant investment in time and money associated with human experts. Existing semi-supervised learning methods often focus on operating in the feature space created by the fusion of available modalities, neglecting the potential for cross-utilizing complementary information available in each modality. To address this problem, we propose Cross-Modality Clustering-based Self-Labeling (CMCSL). Based on a small set of pre-labeled data, CMCSL groups instances belonging to each modality in the deep feature space and then propagates known labels within the resulting clusters. Next, information about the instances' class membership in each modality is exchanged based on the Euclidean distance to ensure more accurate labeling. Experimental evaluation conducted on 20 datasets derived from the MM-IMDb dataset indicates that cross-propagation of labels between modalities -- especially when the number of pre-labeled instances is small -- can allow for more reliable labeling and thus increase the classification performance in each modality.

Teddy Ferdinan, Bartłomiej Koptyra, Mikołaj Langner et al.

While Reasoning Language Models (RLMs) are rapidly emerging as powerful tools for scientific research, their impact is primarily concentrated in "hard science" fields. The slow -- or lack of -- adoption of RLMs in other branches of science is causing a widening gap in research productivity. In this survey, we provide the first comprehensive analysis of RLM adoption across 28 scientific disciplines following the classification used by the European Research Council (ERC), spanning the Social Sciences and Humanities, Physical Sciences and Engineering, and Life Sciences. We examine how RLMs are developed, evaluated, and applied across disciplines. Furthermore, we introduce a maturity-oriented assessment framework based on available domain-specific development and evaluation resources, revealing substantial disparities in RLM maturity that become even more pronounced when only publicly available resources are considered. Finally, we highlight current implementation paradigms that are gaining popularity across disciplines, current challenges, and future directions in enabling RLM adoption across science.

Paweł Zyblewski, Jakub Klikowski, Weronika Borek-Marciniec et al.

Tabular data is considered the last unconquered castle of deep learning, yet the task of data stream classification is stated to be an equally important and demanding research area. Due to the temporal constraints, it is assumed that deep learning methods are not the optimal solution for application in this field. However, excluding the entire -- and prevalent -- group of methods seems rather rash given the progress that has been made in recent years in its development. For this reason, the following paper is the first to present an approach to natural language data stream classification using the sentence space method, which allows for encoding text into the form of a discrete digital signal. This allows the use of convolutional deep networks dedicated to image classification to solve the task of recognizing fake news based on text data. Based on the real-life Fakeddit dataset, the proposed approach was compared with state-of-the-art algorithms for data stream classification based on generalization ability and time complexity.

Jędrzej Kozal, Michał Leś, Paweł Zyblewski et al.

The abundance of information in digital media, which in today's world is the main source of knowledge about current events for the masses, makes it possible to spread disinformation on a larger scale than ever before. Consequently, there is a need to develop novel fake news detection approaches capable of adapting to changing factual contexts and generalizing previously or concurrently acquired knowledge. To deal with this problem, we propose a lifelong learning-inspired approach, which allows for fake news detection in multiple languages and the mutual transfer of knowledge acquired in each of them. Both classical feature extractors, such as Term frequency-inverse document frequency or Latent Dirichlet Allocation, and integrated deep NLP (Natural Language Processing) BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) models paired with MLP (Multilayer Perceptron) classifier, were employed. The results of experiments conducted on two datasets dedicated to the fake news classification task (in English and Spanish, respectively), supported by statistical analysis, confirmed that utilization of additional languages could improve performance for traditional methods. Also, in some cases supplementing the deep learning method with classical ones can positively impact obtained results. The ability of models to generalize the knowledge acquired between the analyzed languages was also observed.

Paweł Zyblewski

Rapid technological advances are inherently linked to the increased amount of data, a substantial portion of which can be interpreted as data stream, capable of exhibiting the phenomenon of concept drift and having a high imbalance ratio. Consequently, developing new approaches to classifying difficult data streams is a rapidly growing research area. At the same time, the proliferation of deep learning and transfer learning, as well as the success of convolutional neural networks in computer vision tasks, have contributed to the emergence of a new research trend, namely Multi-Dimensional Encoding (MDE), focusing on transforming tabular data into a homogeneous form of a discrete digital signal. This paper proposes Streaming Super Tabular Machine Learning (SSTML), thereby exploring for the first time the potential of MDE in the difficult data stream classification task. SSTML encodes consecutive data chunks into an image representation using the STML algorithm and then performs a single ResNet-18 training epoch. Experiments conducted on synthetic and real data streams have demonstrated the ability of SSTML to achieve classification quality statistically significantly superior to state-of-the-art algorithms while maintaining comparable processing time.

Joanna Komorniczak, Paweł Ksieniewicz, Paweł Zyblewski

The following work addresses the problem of frameworks for data stream processing that can be used to evaluate the solutions in an environment that resembles real-world applications. The definition of structured frameworks stems from a need to reliably evaluate the data stream classification methods, considering the constraints of delayed and limited label access. The current experimental evaluation often boundlessly exploits the assumption of their complete and immediate access to monitor the recognition quality and to adapt the methods to the changing concepts. The problem is leveraged by reviewing currently described methods and techniques for data stream processing and verifying their outcomes in simulated environment. The effect of the work is a proposed taxonomy of data stream processing frameworks, showing the linkage between drift detection and classification methods considering a natural phenomenon of label delay.

Weronika Borek-Marciniec, Pawel Zyblewski, Jakub Klikowski et al.

In the classification tasks, from raw data acquisition to the curation of a dataset suitable for use in evaluating machine learning models, a series of steps - often associated with high costs - are necessary. In the case of Natural Language Processing, initial cleaning and conversion can be performed automatically, but obtaining labels still requires the rationalized input of human experts. As a result, even though many articles often state that "the world is filled with data", data scientists suffer from its shortage. It is crucial in the case of natural language applications, which is constantly evolving and must adapt to new concepts or events. For example, the topic of the COVID-19 pandemic and the vocabulary related to it would have been mostly unrecognizable before 2019. For this reason, creating new datasets, also in languages other than English, is still essential. This work presents a collection of 3~187~105 posts in Polish about the pandemic and the war in Ukraine published on popular social media platforms in 2022. The collection includes not only preprocessed texts but also images so it can be used also for multimodal recognition tasks. The labels define posts' topics and were created using hashtags accompanying the posts. The work presents the process of curating a dataset from acquisition to sample pattern recognition experiments.

Michał Woźniak, Paweł Zyblewski, Paweł Ksieniewicz

One of the significant problems of streaming data classification is the occurrence of concept drift, consisting of the change of probabilistic characteristics of the classification task. This phenomenon destabilizes the performance of the classification model and seriously degrades its quality. An appropriate strategy counteracting this phenomenon is required to adapt the classifier to the changing probabilistic characteristics. One of the significant problems in implementing such a solution is the access to data labels. It is usually costly, so to minimize the expenses related to this process, learning strategies based on semi-supervised learning are proposed, e.g., employing active learning methods indicating which of the incoming objects are valuable to be labeled for improving the classifier's performance. This paper proposes a novel chunk-based method for non-stationary data streams based on classifier ensemble learning and an active learning strategy considering a limited budget that can be successfully applied to any data stream classification algorithm. The proposed method has been evaluated through computer experiments using both real and generated data streams. The results confirm the high quality of the proposed algorithm over state-of-the-art methods.

Paweł Ksieniewicz, Paweł Zyblewski

stream-learn is a Python package compatible with scikit-learn and developed for the drifting and imbalanced data stream analysis. Its main component is a stream generator, which allows to produce a synthetic data stream that may incorporate each of the three main concept drift types (i.e. sudden, gradual and incremental drift) in their recurring or non-recurring versions. The package allows conducting experiments following established evaluation methodologies (i.e. Test-Then-Train and Prequential). In addition, estimators adapted for data stream classification have been implemented, including both simple classifiers and state-of-art chunk-based and online classifier ensembles. To improve computational efficiency, package utilises its own implementations of prediction metrics for imbalanced binary classification tasks.