Özge Mercanoğlu Sincan

Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan, Necati Cihan Camgoz, Richard Bowden

Sign Language Translation (SLT) is a challenging task that aims to generate spoken language sentences from sign language videos, both of which have different grammar and word/gloss order. From a Neural Machine Translation (NMT) perspective, the straightforward way of training translation models is to use sign language phrase-spoken language sentence pairs. However, human interpreters heavily rely on the context to understand the conveyed information, especially for sign language interpretation, where the vocabulary size may be significantly smaller than their spoken language equivalent. Taking direct inspiration from how humans translate, we propose a novel multi-modal transformer architecture that tackles the translation task in a context-aware manner, as a human would. We use the context from previous sequences and confident predictions to disambiguate weaker visual cues. To achieve this we use complementary transformer encoders, namely: (1) A Video Encoder, that captures the low-level video features at the frame-level, (2) A Spotting Encoder, that models the recognized sign glosses in the video, and (3) A Context Encoder, which captures the context of the preceding sign sequences. We combine the information coming from these encoders in a final transformer decoder to generate spoken language translations. We evaluate our approach on the recently published large-scale BOBSL dataset, which contains ~1.2M sequences, and on the SRF dataset, which was part of the WMT-SLT 2022 challenge. We report significant improvements on state-of-the-art translation performance using contextual information, nearly doubling the reported BLEU-4 scores of baseline approaches.

Harry Walsh, Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan, Ben Saunders et al.

Capturing and annotating Sign language datasets is a time consuming and costly process. Current datasets are orders of magnitude too small to successfully train unconstrained \acf{slt} models. As a result, research has turned to TV broadcast content as a source of large-scale training data, consisting of both the sign language interpreter and the associated audio subtitle. However, lack of sign language annotation limits the usability of this data and has led to the development of automatic annotation techniques such as sign spotting. These spottings are aligned to the video rather than the subtitle, which often results in a misalignment between the subtitle and spotted signs. In this paper we propose a method for aligning spottings with their corresponding subtitles using large spoken language models. Using a single modality means our method is computationally inexpensive and can be utilized in conjunction with existing alignment techniques. We quantitatively demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on the \acf{mdgs} and \acf{bobsl} datasets, recovering up to a 33.22 BLEU-1 score in word alignment.

Alexandre Symeonidis-Herzig, Jianhe Low, Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan et al.

Sign language production requires more than hand motion generation. Non-manual features, including mouthings, eyebrow raises, gaze, and head movements, are grammatically obligatory and cannot be recovered from manual articulators alone. Existing 3D production systems face two barriers to integrating them: the standard body model provides a facial space too low-dimensional to encode these articulations, and when richer representations are adopted, standard discrete tokenization suffers from codebook collapse, leaving most of the expression space unreachable. We propose SMPL-FX, which couples FLAME's rich expression space with the SMPL-X body, and tokenize the resulting representation with modality-specific Finite Scalar Quantization VAEs for body, hands, and face. M3T is an autoregressive transformer trained on this multi-modal motion vocabulary, with an auxiliary translation objective that encourages semantically grounded embeddings. Across three standard benchmarks (How2Sign, CSL-Daily, Phoenix14T) M3T achieves state-of-the-art sign language production quality, and on NMFs-CSL, where signs are distinguishable only by non-manual features, reaches 58.3% accuracy against 49.0% for the strongest comparable pose baseline.

Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan, Jian He Low, Sobhan Asasi et al.

Sign Language Translation (SLT) aims to automatically convert visual sign language videos into spoken language text and vice versa. While recent years have seen rapid progress, the true sources of performance improvements often remain unclear. Do reported performance gains come from methodological novelty, or from the choice of a different backbone, training optimizations, hyperparameter tuning, or even differences in the calculation of evaluation metrics? This paper presents a comprehensive study of recent gloss-free SLT models by re-implementing key contributions in a unified codebase. We ensure fair comparison by standardizing preprocessing, video encoders, and training setups across all methods. Our analysis shows that many of the performance gains reported in the literature often diminish when models are evaluated under consistent conditions, suggesting that implementation details and evaluation setups play a significant role in determining results. We make the codebase publicly available here (https://github.com/ozgemercanoglu/sltbaselines) to support transparency and reproducibility in SLT research.

Oliver Cory, Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan, Matthew Vowels et al.

Sign Language Assessment (SLA) tools are useful to aid in language learning and are underdeveloped. Previous work has focused on isolated signs or comparison against a single reference video to assess Sign Languages (SL). This paper introduces a novel SLA tool designed to evaluate the comprehensibility of SL by modelling the natural distribution of human motion. We train our pipeline on data from native signers and evaluate it using SL learners. We compare our results to ratings from a human raters study and find strong correlation between human ratings and our tool. We visually demonstrate our tools ability to detect anomalous results spatio-temporally, providing actionable feedback to aid in SL learning and assessment.

Anton Pelykh, Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan, Richard Bowden

Recent years have seen significant progress in human image generation, particularly with the advancements in diffusion models. However, existing diffusion methods encounter challenges when producing consistent hand anatomy and the generated images often lack precise control over the hand pose. To address this limitation, we introduce a novel approach to pose-conditioned human image generation, dividing the process into two stages: hand generation and subsequent body outpainting around the hands. We propose training the hand generator in a multi-task setting to produce both hand images and their corresponding segmentation masks, and employ the trained model in the first stage of generation. An adapted ControlNet model is then used in the second stage to outpaint the body around the generated hands, producing the final result. A novel blending technique is introduced to preserve the hand details during the second stage that combines the results of both stages in a coherent way. This involves sequential expansion of the outpainted region while fusing the latent representations, to ensure a seamless and cohesive synthesis of the final image. Experimental evaluations demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method over state-of-the-art techniques, in both pose accuracy and image quality, as validated on the HaGRID dataset. Our approach not only enhances the quality of the generated hands but also offers improved control over hand pose, advancing the capabilities of pose-conditioned human image generation. The source code of the proposed approach is available at https://github.com/apelykh/hand-to-diffusion.

Jianhe Low, Alexandre Symeonidis-Herzig, Maksym Ivashechkin et al.

Generating natural and linguistically accurate sign language avatars remains a formidable challenge. Current Sign Language Production (SLP) frameworks face a stark trade-off: direct text-to-pose models suffer from regression-to-the-mean effects, while dictionary-retrieval methods produce robotic, disjointed transitions. To resolve this, we propose a novel training paradigm that leverages sparse keyframes to capture the true underlying kinematic distribution of human signing. By predicting dense motion from these discrete anchors, our approach mitigates regression-to-the-mean while ensuring fluid articulation. To realize this paradigm at scale, we first introduce FAST, an ultra-efficient sign segmentation model that automatically mines precise temporal boundaries. We then present SignSparK, a large-scale Conditional Flow Matching (CFM) framework that utilizes these extracted anchors to synthesize 3D signing sequences in SMPL-X and MANO spaces. This keyframe-driven formulation also uniquely unlocks Keyframe-to-Pose (KF2P) generation, making precise spatiotemporal editing of signing sequences possible. Furthermore, our adopted reconstruction-based CFM objective also enables high-fidelity synthesis in fewer than ten sampling steps; this allows SignSparK to scale across four distinct sign languages, establishing the largest multilingual SLP framework to date. Finally, by integrating 3D Gaussian Splatting for photorealistic rendering, we demonstrate through extensive evaluation that SignSparK establishes a new state-of-the-art across diverse SLP tasks and multilingual benchmarks.

Oliver Cory, Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan, Richard Bowden

This paper introduces SignAgent, a novel agentic framework that utilises Large Language Models (LLMs) for scalable, linguistically-grounded Sign Language (SL) annotation and dataset curation. Traditional computational methods for SLs often operate at the gloss level, overlooking crucial linguistic nuances, while manual linguistic annotation remains a significant bottleneck, proving too slow and expensive for the creation of large-scale, phonologically-aware datasets. SignAgent addresses these challenges through SignAgent Orchestrator, a reasoning LLM that coordinates a suite of linguistic tools, and SignGraph, a knowledge-grounded LLM that provides lexical and linguistic grounding. We evaluate our framework on two downstream annotation tasks. First, on Pseudo-gloss Annotation, where the agent performs constrained assignment, using multi-modal evidence to extract and order suitable gloss labels for signed sequences. Second, on ID Glossing, where the agent detects and refines visual clusters by reasoning over both visual similarity and phonological overlap to correctly identify and group lexical sign variants. Our results demonstrate that our agentic approach achieves strong performance for large-scale, linguistically-aware data annotation and curation.

Oliver Cory, Maksym Ivashechkin, Karahan Sahin et al.

Sign Languages (SLs) are the primary means of communication for millions of deaf individuals, yet existing evaluation metrics for generated SL remain simplistic and poorly aligned with human judgements. We introduce BackTranslation2.0, a linguistically grounded evaluation metric for text-to-sign translation that moves beyond naïve backtranslation. Our approach adopts an agentic framework in which a deterministic pipeline orchestrates a suite of specialised tools to assess four scoring dimensions - grammatical correctness, phonological accuracy, motion fluency, and generation fidelity - aligned with human rater assessments. Tool outputs are not treated independently: a set of large language model (LLM)-based cross-referential comparison modules evaluates consistency across tools and checks outputs against linguistic expectations, enabling structured reasoning over grammatical, phonological, and motion-level evidence. Final dimension scores are computed through deterministic weighted formulas over validated tool outputs. To validate BackTranslation2.0, we introduce and evaluate on a British Sign Language (BSL) dataset rated in a human rater study across the same quality dimensions, following a protocol developed in collaboration between linguists and deaf experts, benchmarking against six baseline metrics. Our method demonstrates strong correlation with human judgements across all dimensions, providing a more comprehensive, interpretable, and linguistically principled evaluation framework for sign language production systems.

Sobhan Asasi, Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan, Richard Bowden

Sign language translation (SLT) remains challenging due to its high spatio-temporal complexity, long sequences, and the need to model multiple articulators without relying on gloss annotations. Existing approaches are typically tailored to individual datasets or languages and struggle to scale, while overlooking the relationships between sign languages that could inform more effective cross-lingual transfer. We present \textbf{SIGNET}, a framework that enables motion-level knowledge transfer for cross-language sign language translation. Our key insight is that, although sign languages differ in grammar and lexicon, pretrained models capture motion-level visual patterns that can be reused across datasets and languages. \textbf{SIGNET} integrates multiple pretrained sign language backbones through an attention-based, hand-prior aggregation mechanism that guides a gated fusion network in dynamically selecting the most relevant experts. Comprehensive experiments on four benchmarks (How2Sign, Phoenix14T, CSL-Daily, and MeineDGS) demonstrate state-of-the-art translation performance, and \textbf{SIGNET} also surpasses prior methods on WLASL for sign language recognition.

Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan, Richard Bowden

Sign Language Translation (SLT) is a challenging task that aims to generate spoken language sentences from sign language videos. In this paper, we introduce a lightweight, modular SLT framework, Spotter+GPT, that leverages the power of Large Language Models (LLMs) and avoids heavy end-to-end training. Spotter+GPT breaks down the SLT task into two distinct stages. First, a sign spotter identifies individual signs within the input video. The spotted signs are then passed to an LLM, which transforms them into meaningful spoken language sentences. Spotter+GPT eliminates the requirement for SLT-specific training. This significantly reduces computational costs and time requirements. The source code and pretrained weights of the Spotter are available at https://gitlab.surrey.ac.uk/cogvispublic/sign-spotter.

Harry Walsh, Ed Fish, Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan et al.

Sign Language Production (SLP) is the task of generating sign language video from spoken language inputs. The field has seen a range of innovations over the last few years, with the introduction of deep learning-based approaches providing significant improvements in the realism and naturalness of generated outputs. However, the lack of standardized evaluation metrics for SLP approaches hampers meaningful comparisons across different systems. To address this, we introduce the first Sign Language Production Challenge, held as part of the third SLRTP Workshop at CVPR 2025. The competition's aims are to evaluate architectures that translate from spoken language sentences to a sequence of skeleton poses, known as Text-to-Pose (T2P) translation, over a range of metrics. For our evaluation data, we use the RWTH-PHOENIX-Weather-2014T dataset, a German Sign Language - Deutsche Gebardensprache (DGS) weather broadcast dataset. In addition, we curate a custom hidden test set from a similar domain of discourse. This paper presents the challenge design and the winning methodologies. The challenge attracted 33 participants who submitted 231 solutions, with the top-performing team achieving BLEU-1 scores of 31.40 and DTW-MJE of 0.0574. The winning approach utilized a retrieval-based framework and a pre-trained language model. As part of the workshop, we release a standardized evaluation network, including high-quality skeleton extraction-based keypoints establishing a consistent baseline for the SLP field, which will enable future researchers to compare their work against a broader range of methods.

Alexandre Symeonidis-Herzig, Özge Mercanoğlu Sincan, Richard Bowden

Realistic, high-fidelity 3D facial animations are crucial for expressive avatar systems in human-computer interaction and accessibility. Although prior methods show promising quality, their reliance on the mesh domain limits their ability to fully leverage the rapid visual innovations seen in 2D computer vision and graphics. We propose VisualSpeaker, a novel method that bridges this gap using photorealistic differentiable rendering, supervised by visual speech recognition, for improved 3D facial animation. Our contribution is a perceptual lip-reading loss, derived by passing photorealistic 3D Gaussian Splatting avatar renders through a pre-trained Visual Automatic Speech Recognition model during training. Evaluation on the MEAD dataset demonstrates that VisualSpeaker improves both the standard Lip Vertex Error metric by 56.1% and the perceptual quality of the generated animations, while retaining the controllability of mesh-driven animation. This perceptual focus naturally supports accurate mouthings, essential cues that disambiguate similar manual signs in sign language avatars.

Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan, Richard Bowden

Sign Language Translation (SLT) aims to convert sign language videos into spoken or written text. While early systems relied on gloss annotations as an intermediate supervision, such annotations are costly to obtain and often fail to capture the full complexity of continuous signing. In this work, we propose a two-phase, dual visual encoder framework for gloss-free SLT, leveraging contrastive visual-language pretraining. During pretraining, our approach employs two complementary visual backbones whose outputs are jointly aligned with each other and with sentence-level text embeddings via a contrastive objective. During the downstream SLT task, we fuse the visual features and input them into an encoder-decoder model. On the Phoenix-2014T benchmark, our dual encoder architecture consistently outperforms its single stream variants and achieves the highest BLEU-4 score among existing gloss-free SLT approaches.

JianHe Low, Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan, Richard Bowden

Sign spotting, the task of identifying and localizing individual signs within continuous sign language video, plays a pivotal role in scaling dataset annotations and addressing the severe data scarcity issue in sign language translation. While automatic sign spotting holds great promise for enabling frame-level supervision at scale, it grapples with challenges such as vocabulary inflexibility and ambiguity inherent in continuous sign streams. Hence, we introduce a novel, training-free framework that integrates Large Language Models (LLMs) to significantly enhance sign spotting quality. Our approach extracts global spatio-temporal and hand shape features, which are then matched against a large-scale sign dictionary using dynamic time warping and cosine similarity. This dictionary-based matching inherently offers superior vocabulary flexibility without requiring model retraining. To mitigate noise and ambiguity from the matching process, an LLM performs context-aware gloss disambiguation via beam search, notably without fine-tuning. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world sign language datasets demonstrate our method's superior accuracy and sentence fluency compared to traditional approaches, highlighting the potential of LLMs in advancing sign spotting.

Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan, Hacer Yalim Keles

Sign language recognition using computational models is a challenging problem that requires simultaneous spatio-temporal modeling of the multiple sources, i.e. faces, hands, body, etc. In this paper, we propose an isolated sign language recognition model based on a model trained using Motion History Images (MHI) that are generated from RGB video frames. RGB-MHI images represent spatio-temporal summary of each sign video effectively in a single RGB image. We propose two different approaches using this RGB-MHI model. In the first approach, we use the RGB-MHI model as a motion-based spatial attention module integrated into a 3D-CNN architecture. In the second approach, we use RGB-MHI model features directly with the features of a 3D-CNN model using a late fusion technique. We perform extensive experiments on two recently released large-scale isolated sign language datasets, namely AUTSL and BosphorusSign22k. Our experiments show that our models, which use only RGB data, can compete with the state-of-the-art models in the literature that use multi-modal data.

Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan, Julio C. S. Jacques Junior, Sergio Escalera et al.

The performances of Sign Language Recognition (SLR) systems have improved considerably in recent years. However, several open challenges still need to be solved to allow SLR to be useful in practice. The research in the field is in its infancy in regards to the robustness of the models to a large diversity of signs and signers, and to fairness of the models to performers from different demographics. This work summarises the ChaLearn LAP Large Scale Signer Independent Isolated SLR Challenge, organised at CVPR 2021 with the goal of overcoming some of the aforementioned challenges. We analyse and discuss the challenge design, top winning solutions and suggestions for future research. The challenge attracted 132 participants in the RGB track and 59 in the RGB+Depth track, receiving more than 1.5K submissions in total. Participants were evaluated using a new large-scale multi-modal Turkish Sign Language (AUTSL) dataset, consisting of 226 sign labels and 36,302 isolated sign video samples performed by 43 different signers. Winning teams achieved more than 96% recognition rate, and their approaches benefited from pose/hand/face estimation, transfer learning, external data, fusion/ensemble of modalities and different strategies to model spatio-temporal information. However, methods still fail to distinguish among very similar signs, in particular those sharing similar hand trajectories.

Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan, Hacer Yalim Keles

Sign language recognition is a challenging problem where signs are identified by simultaneous local and global articulations of multiple sources, i.e. hand shape and orientation, hand movements, body posture, and facial expressions. Solving this problem computationally for a large vocabulary of signs in real life settings is still a challenge, even with the state-of-the-art models. In this study, we present a new largescale multi-modal Turkish Sign Language dataset (AUTSL) with a benchmark and provide baseline models for performance evaluations. Our dataset consists of 226 signs performed by 43 different signers and 38,336 isolated sign video samples in total. Samples contain a wide variety of backgrounds recorded in indoor and outdoor environments. Moreover, spatial positions and the postures of signers also vary in the recordings. Each sample is recorded with Microsoft Kinect v2 and contains RGB, depth, and skeleton modalities. We prepared benchmark training and test sets for user independent assessments of the models. We trained several deep learning based models and provide empirical evaluations using the benchmark; we used CNNs to extract features, unidirectional and bidirectional LSTM models to characterize temporal information. We also incorporated feature pooling modules and temporal attention to our models to improve the performances. We evaluated our baseline models on AUTSL and Montalbano datasets. Our models achieved competitive results with the state-of-the-art methods on Montalbano dataset, i.e. 96.11% accuracy. In AUTSL random train-test splits, our models performed up to 95.95% accuracy. In the proposed user-independent benchmark dataset our best baseline model achieved 62.02% accuracy. The gaps in the performances of the same baseline models show the challenges inherent in our benchmark dataset. AUTSL benchmark dataset is publicly available at https://cvml.ankara.edu.tr.