Johannes B. Thalhammer, Lorenzo D'Amico, Lucy Costello et al.
Propagation-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging (PBI) enables high-contrast visualization of lung structures and holds strong medical potential. However, safe translation to the clinic will require a substantial radiation dose reduction, which inevitably increases image noise. Supervised convolutional-neural-network-based denoising can restore image quality but depends on paired low- and high-dose datasets, which are rarely available in practice. Self-supervised methods avoid this limitation, yet most are not well adapted to the inverse problem of PBI computed tomography (CT). We introduce Neighbor2Inverse, a self-supervised denoising framework designed for low-dose PBI-CT that generalizes to clinical CT. Building on the Neighbor2Neighbor principle, each noisy projection is subsampled into two variants that preserve structural information but contain independent noise realizations. These are reconstructed separately, and the resulting pairs are used to train a denoising network directly in the image domain. We benchmark the proposed method against established analytical and self-supervised denoising approaches. In region-of-interest PBI CT experiments, Neighbor2Inverse achieves superior noise suppression while preserving fine structural details, as demonstrated by improved contrast-to-noise ratio, spatial resolution, and composite image quality metrics. Competitive performance is also observed on clinical CT data under simulated low-dose conditions. This work has been submitted to the IEEE for possible publication. Copyright may be transferred without notice, after which this version may no longer be accessible. Code, data, and interactive figures are available at https://github.com/J-3TO/Neighbor2Inverse.