Thomas M. Bendall

Thomas M. Bendall, Colin J. Cotter

A framework of variational principles for stochastic fluid dynamics was presented by Holm (2015), and these stochastic equations were also derived by Cotter et al. (2017). We present a conforming finite element discretisation for the stochastic quasi-geostrophic equation that was derived from this framework. The discretisation preserves the first two moments of potential vorticity, i.e. the mean potential vorticity and the enstrophy. Following the work of Dubinkina and Frank (2007), who investigated the statistical mechanics of discretisations of the deterministic quasi-geostrophic equation, we investigate the statistical mechanics of our discretisation of the stochastic quasi-geostrophic equation. We compare the statistical properties of our discretisation with the Gibbs distribution under assumption of these conserved quantities, finding that there is agreement between the statistics under a wide range of set-ups.

Nell Hartney, Thomas M. Bendall, Jemma Shipton

One of the key choices for numerical models of geophysical fluids is how parametrisations of physical processes interact with the numerical methods that handle the resolved flow, known in the atmospheric community as the dynamical core. As both the dynamical core and parametrisations of physics processes continue to evolve and improve, the issue of physics-dynamics coupling - how these two different parts of the model interact - becomes ever more important. In this paper we use two variations of the moist shallow water equations to develop a simplified framework that can be used to investigate some of the questions associated with physics-dynamics coupling. The shallow water equations act as a simplified dynamical core that is computationally cheap but still retains pertinent features of the atmosphere, and the introduction of moisture means the addition to the model of a physical parametrisation. This study uses 'split-physics' moist thermal shallow water equations which couple moisture to the shallow water equations via a parametrisation, and also develops a new 'integrated-physics' formulation of the moist thermal shallow water equations which re-formulates the model so that all the moist processes are captured in the dynamics. This integrated-physics model thus requires no physics-dynamics coupling and acts as a ground-truth to compare coupling strategies in the split-physics formulation against. We use both models to examine the effect of varying the approach to how physics is coupled to the dynamics in the semi-implicit quasi-Newton timestepping scheme. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the integrated-physics moist shallow water equations and provide insights into how best to deal with physics in a model's timestep.

Timothy C. Andrews, Thomas M. Bendall

This paper outlines a conservative transport scheme for scalar tracers within a compatible finite element model for geophysical fluid equations. Instead of using the advective transport equation for a mixing ratio, a conservative transport equation is solved for the tracer density of the mixing ratio multiplied by the dry density. This ensures mass conservation in the continuous equations, which can be preserved in the discrete equations with a discontinuous Galerkin transport scheme. Our method is designed to work for two placements of the mixing ratio in a Charney-Phillips vertical staggering: either co-located with the dry density or vertically staggered from it. The new scheme is designed to conserve the tracer density and ensure consistency by maintaining a constant mixing ratio. Additionally, a mass-conserving limiter is developed to ensure non-negativity in the co-located configuration. Tests with terminator toy chemistry and a moist rising bubble show the use of the new transport scheme with physics terms and its ability to accurately model mass conservation of moisture species in a dynamical core setup.

Thomas M. Bendall, Colin J. Cotter, Jemma Shipton

We present a new compatible finite element advection scheme for the compressible Euler equations. Unlike the discretisations described in Cotter and Kuzmin (2016) and Shipton et al (2018), the discretisation uses the lowest-order family of compatible finite element spaces, but still retains second-order numerical accuracy. This scheme obtains this second-order accuracy by first `recovering' the function in higher-order spaces, before using the discontinuous Galerkin advection schemes of Cotter and Kuzmin (2016). As well as describing the scheme, we also present its stability properties and a strategy for ensuring boundedness. We then demonstrate its properties through some numerical tests, before presenting its use within a model solving the compressible Euler equations.