Kaidi Huang

Qiang Ji, Lin Cheng, Kaidi Huang et al.

The increasing penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources and the retirement of thermal units have widened the power system flexibility gap. Industrial demand response (DR) driven by real-time pricing is widely regarded as a viable solution. In this paper, we propose a framework to quantify the DR potential of a zero-carbon hydrogen metallurgy system (ZCHMS) considering shaft furnace's flexibility. First, we model the shaft furnace as a constrained flexible load and validate the model via simulation, achieving a root mean square error of 4.48\% of the rated load. Second, we formulate a DR potential evaluation method that determines baseline and DR-based production scheduling schemes by minimizing operating cost subject to production orders. Finally, the numerical results show that compared with the baseline, DR-based ZCHMS reduces operating cost by 6.6\%, incentivizing demand-side management in ironmaking and strengthening power-ironmaking synergies.

Qiang Ji, Lin Cheng, Yue Zhou et al.

The integration of the high penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) and the retirement of thermal units have significantly aggravated the flexibility scarcity and real-time balancing challenges in power systems. Low-carbon steel production systems, based on green-hydrogen ironmaking and electrified melting, possess substantial demand response (DR) potential. This paper proposes a process-aware DR evaluation framework for hydrogen-integrated zero-carbon steel plants coupled with methanol production (H2-DRI-EAF-MeOH). First, a novel zero-carbon steel production system architecture is established to explicitly represent the energy-material flow coupling relationships among electricity, hydrogen, heat, iron, steel, CO2, and methanol. Second, to explicitly capture electric arc furnace (EAF) operational constraints while preserving optimization tractability, an operating feasible region model is developed and validated using field data from a pure hydrogen direct reduced iron and EAF plant, yielding an average relative error of 4.1%. Finally, a process-aware DR scheduling model is formulated by incorporating the proposed process deviation penalties to balance economic performance against process disturbance costs and operational acceptability. Additionally, dual-side evaluation metrics are developed to quantify grid-side regulation performance and load-side flexibility characteristics. Case studies demonstrate that under real-time pricing, the proposed system achieves an average DR capacity of 275.4 MW, improves the RES-load matching degree from 0.262 to 0.508, and reduces total operational costs by 17.78% compared with the baseline scheduling scheme. The proposed framework provides a theoretical foundation for RES-steel-chemical synergies.