Changryeol Lee

Changryeol Lee

While prior work established a verifier-based polynomial-time framework for NP, explicit deterministic machines for concrete NP-complete problems have remained elusive. In this paper, we construct fully specified deterministic Turing Machines (DTMs) for SAT and Subset-Sum within an improved NP verifier simulation framework. A key contribution of this work is the development of a functional implementation that bridges the gap between theoretical proofs and executable software. Our improved feasible-graph construction yields a theoretical reduction in the asymptotic polynomial degree, while enhanced edge extension mechanisms significantly improve practical execution speed. We show that these machines generate valid witnesses, extending the framework to deterministic FNP computation without increasing complexity. The complete Python implementation behaves in accordance with the predicted polynomial-time bounds, and the source code along with sample instances are available in a public online repository.

Changryeol Lee

The P versus NP problem asks whether every language verifiable in polynomial time can also be decided in deterministic polynomial time. In this paper, we present a constructive proof that P = NP by introducing a universal, graph-based deterministic framework applicable to all NP problems without requiring reduction to an NP-complete problem. We model computational transitions as edges within a unified graph structure, where edges correspond to the steps of a deterministic verifier Turing machine for all possible certificates. Due to the overlap of edges among computation paths, the total cardinality of the edge set remains polynomially bounded. A key feature of our approach is that each extension step enforces global consistency via a local infeasibility trimming tool. This mechanism systematically preserves valid NP paths that lead to the target edge under polynomial verification, ensuring the graph remains globally feasible at every stage without explicit enumeration. This represents a paradigm shift from searching over exponential certificates to the incremental extension of verified edges. Since our construction decides NP problems in deterministic polynomial time, it provides a direct resolution to the P versus NP question.