Loris Mendolia

Loris Mendolia, Chenxi Wen, Elisabetta Chicca et al.

Neuromorphic engineering makes use of mixed-signal analog and digital circuits to directly emulate the computational principles of biological brains. Such electronic systems offer a high degree of adaptability, robustness, and energy efficiency across a wide range of tasks, from edge computing to robotics. Within this context, we investigate a key feature of biological neurons: their ability to carry out robust and reliable computation by adapting their input responses and spiking patterns to context through neuromodulation. Achieving analogous levels of robustness and adaptation in neuromorphic circuits through modulatory mechanisms is a largely unexplored path. We present a novel current-mode neuron design that supports robust neuromodulation with minimal model complexity, compatible with standard CMOS technologies. We first introduce a mathematical model of the circuit and provide tools to analyze and tune the neuron behavior; we then demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally the biologically plausible neuromodulation adaptation capabilities of the circuit over a wide range of parameters. All theoretical predictions were verified in experiments on a low-power 180 nm CMOS implementation of the proposed neuron circuit. Due to the analog underlying feedback structure, the proposed adaptive neuromodulable neuron exhibits a high degree of robustness, flexibility, and scalability across operating ranges of currents and temperatures, making it a perfect candidate for real-world neuromorphic applications.

Arthur Fyon, Julien Brandoit, Loris Mendolia et al.

Always-on AI applications, from environmental sensors to biomedical implants, require ultra-low power consumption. Analog circuits offer a path to sub-microwatt inference, yet existing analog implementations are limited to feedforward architectures: extending them to recurrent dynamics has been considered impractical due to noise accumulation through temporal feedback. We demonstrate that this barrier can be overcome through hardware-software co-design. Specifically, we identify that Bistable Memory Recurrent Units (BMRUs), a class of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) with discrete-valued outputs and hysteretic dynamics, admit an ultra-low power current-mode analog implementation which we design from first principles. The resulting circuit establishes a one-to-one correspondence between each learned parameter and a circuit element. The discrete outputs suppress analog noise by at least 20-fold at each cell boundary, breaking the noise accumulation that prevents analog recurrence. We reformulate BMRUs for first-quadrant operation with fixed thresholds, enabling the direct correspondence while preserving expressivity and trainability. Transistor-level simulations in 180 nm Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) show near-perfect agreement between software predictions and circuit-level behavior, with the software model thereby serving as a high-fidelity simulator of the physical hardware at low computational cost. We leverage this fidelity to conduct large-scale noise immunity and power scaling analyses: the power cost of adding recurrence scales linearly with state dimension, while the feedforward layers dominating total power scale quadratically, meaning recurrence is added at linear marginal cost relative to the feedforward backbone. End-to-end keyword spotting achieves sub-microwatt inference at the RNN core.