Julian Berger, Jason W. Burton, Ralph Hertwig et al.
The collaboration between humans and artificial intelligence (AI) holds the promise of achieving superior outcomes compared to either acting alone-a phenomenon called human-AI synergy. Nevertheless, our understanding of the conditions that facilitate such human-AI synergy when humans are advised by AI remains limited. A recent meta-analysis showed that, on average, human-AI combinations do not outperform the better individual agent. We argue that this pessimistic conclusion arises from insufficient attention to human learning in the experimental designs. To substantiate this claim, we re-analyzed all 74 studies included in the original meta-analysis, yielding two new findings. First, most previous research overlooked design features that foster human learning, such as providing outcome feedback to participants. Second, our re-analysis demonstrated that studies providing outcome feedback show tentatively higher synergy than those without outcome feedback. Crucially, feedback paired with AI explanations tends to yield positive synergy, while explanations without feedback were linked to negative synergy-indicating that explanations increase synergy only when humans can learn to verify the AI's reliability through feedback. We conclude that the current literature underestimates the potential of human-AI collaboration because it predominantly relies on paradigms that do not facilitate human learning, thus hindering humans from effectively adapting their collaboration strategies. We therefore advocate for a paradigm shift in human-AI interaction research that explicitly addresses human learning and thus enhances our understanding of and support for successful human-AI collaboration.