Jacek Karolczak

Jacek Karolczak, Jerzy Stefanowski

Prototype-based explanations offer an intuitive, example-based approach to support the interpretability of machine learning black box classifiers but often lack feature-level granularity. We introduce a framework that integrates feature importance at two levels to address this gap. First, for local explanations, we propose \textit{alike parts}: a method that uses feature importance scores to highlight the most relevant, shared feature subsets between a classified instance and its nearest prototype, guiding user attention. Second, we augment the global prototype selection objective function with a feature importance term to actively promote diversity in the feature attributions of the selected prototypes. Experiments on six benchmark datasets show that this augmented selection process maintains or, in some cases, increases the prediction fidelity of the surrogate model, suggesting that feature diversity does not compromise model fidelity.

Salvatore Greco, Jacek Karolczak, Roman Słowiński et al.

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has predominantly focused on generating model-centric explanations that approximate the behavior of black-box models. However, such explanations often overlook a fundamental aspect of interpretability: different users require different explanations depending on their goals, preferences, and cognitive constraints. Although recent work has explored user-centric and personalized explanations, most existing approaches rely on heuristic adaptations or implicit user modeling, lacking a principled framework for representing and learning individual preferences. In this paper, we consider Preference-Based Explainable Artificial Intelligence (PREF-XAI), a novel perspective that reframes explanation as a preference-driven decision problem. Within PREF-XAI, explanations are not treated as fixed outputs, but as alternatives to be evaluated and selected according to user-specific criteria. In the PREF-XAI perspective, here we propose a methodology that combines rule-based explanations with formal preference learning. User preferences are elicited through a ranking of a small set of candidate explanations and modeled via an additive utility function inferred using robust ordinal regression. Experimental results on real-world datasets show that PREF-XAI can accurately reconstruct user preferences from limited feedback, identify highly relevant explanations, and discover novel explanatory rules not initially considered by the user. Beyond the proposed methodology, this work establishes a connection between XAI and preference learning, opening new directions for interactive and adaptive explanation systems.

Jacek Karolczak, Jerzy Stefanowski

Although prototype-based explanations provide a human-understandable way of representing model predictions they often fail to direct user attention to the most relevant features. We propose a novel approach to identify the most informative features within prototypes, termed alike parts. Using feature importance scores derived from an agnostic explanation method, it emphasizes the most relevant overlapping features between an instance and its nearest prototype. Furthermore, the feature importance score is incorporated into the objective function of the prototype selection algorithms to promote global prototypes diversity. Through experiments on six benchmark datasets, we demonstrate that the proposed approach improves user comprehension while maintaining or even increasing predictive accuracy.

Jacek Karolczak, Jerzy Stefanowski

The ability to interpret machine learning model decisions is critical in such domains as healthcare, where trust in model predictions is as important as their accuracy. Inspired by the development of prototype parts-based deep neural networks in computer vision, we propose a new model for tabular data, specifically tailored to medical records, that requires discretization of diagnostic result norms. Unlike the original vision models that rely on the spatial structure, our method employs trainable patching over features describing a patient, to learn meaningful prototypical parts from structured data. These parts are represented as binary or discretized feature subsets. This allows the model to express prototypes in human-readable terms, enabling alignment with clinical language and case-based reasoning. Our proposed neural network is inherently interpretable and offers interpretable concept-based predictions by comparing the patient's description to learned prototypes in the latent space of the network. In experiments, we demonstrate that the model achieves classification performance competitive to widely used baseline models on medical benchmark datasets, while also offering transparency, bridging the gap between predictive performance and interpretability in clinical decision support.