Terry Oko-odion

Anuj Tiwari, Oluwapelumi Ogunremu, Terry Oko-odion et al.

African languages have very little labelled data, and it is unclear if augmenting the quantity of annotation data reliably enhances downstream performance. The study is a systematic sample-size scaling study of natural language inference (NLI) on 16 African languages based on the AfriXNLI benchmark. Under controlled conditions, two multilingual transformer models with roughly 0.6B parameters XLM-R Large fine-tuned on XNLI and AfroXLM-R Large are tested on sample sizes of between 50 and 500 labeled examples and average their results across random subsampling runs. As opposed to the usual belief of monotonic increase with increased data, we find a strongly language sensitive and often non-monotonic scaling behavior. Some languages show early saturation or decrease in performance with sample size as well as high variance in low resource regimes. These results indicate that the volume of data is not enough to guarantee stable profits to African NLI, creating the necessity of language sensitive datasets creation and stronger multi-lingual modelling strategies.

Anuj Tiwari, Terry Oko-odion, Hannah Nwokocha

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly evaluated in multilingual settings, yet their inference behavior in low-resource African languages remains underexplored especially under pure prompting without fine-tuning. We present a systematic study of prompting strategies for Natural Language Inference (NLI) in Swahili, Yoruba, and Hausa using the AfriXNLI benchmark. We evaluate five prompting strategies Baseline (zero-shot), Script-Aware, Language Specific, Contrastive, and Native-Label Self-Translation (NL-STP) across two mid-sized open weight models (Llama3.2-3B and Gemma3-4B). To isolate the effect of prompt design, the effect of few-shot examples and Chain-of-Thought reasoning is eliminated in our study. We find a significant difference in performance of class wise across strategies with highly neutral class collapse and high prediction skew in some configurations. Contrastive prompting proves to be the most reliable and steadily improving strategy over language and model and has better balance of class behavior and balance of overall accuracy gains. Notably, well-constructed prompts are sufficient to beat more powerful baselines that are provided with few-shot prompts and Chain-of-Thought prompts. We have found that prompt formulation is essential to multilingual NLI with low-resource languages and that language aware decision structuring can be used to meaningfully enhance robustness in resource challenged settings.