Elizabeth Krupinski

David Wong, Zeynep Isik, Bin Wang et al.

We introduce GazeVaLM, a public eye-tracking dataset for studying clinical perception during chest radiograph authenticity assessment. The dataset comprises 960 gaze recordings from 16 expert radiologists interpreting 30 real and 30 synthetic chest X-rays (generated by diffusion based generative AI) under two conditions: diagnostic assessment and real-fake classification (Visual Turing test). For each image-observer pair, we provide raw gaze samples, fixation maps, scanpaths, saliency density maps, structured diagnostic labels, and authenticity judgments. We extend the protocol to 6 state-of-the-art multimodal LLMs, releasing their predicted diagnoses, authenticity labels, and confidence scores under matched conditions - enabling direct human-AI comparison at both decision and uncertainty levels. We further provide analyses of gaze agreement, inter-observer consistency, and benchmarking of radiologists versus LLMs in diagnostic accuracy and authenticity detection. GazeVaLM supports research in gaze modeling, clinical decision-making, human-AI comparison, generative image realism assessment, and uncertainty quantification. By jointly releasing visual attention data, clinical labels, and model predictions, we aim to facilitate reproducible research on how experts and AI systems perceive, interpret, and evaluate medical images. The dataset is available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/davidcwong/GazeVaLM.

Bin Wang, Hongyi Pan, Armstrong Aboah et al.

Eye tracking research is important in computer vision because it can help us understand how humans interact with the visual world. Specifically for high-risk applications, such as in medical imaging, eye tracking can help us to comprehend how radiologists and other medical professionals search, analyze, and interpret images for diagnostic and clinical purposes. Hence, the application of eye tracking techniques in disease classification has become increasingly popular in recent years. Contemporary works usually transform gaze information collected by eye tracking devices into visual attention maps (VAMs) to supervise the learning process. However, this is a time-consuming preprocessing step, which stops us from applying eye tracking to radiologists' daily work. To solve this problem, we propose a novel gaze-guided graph neural network (GNN), GazeGNN, to leverage raw eye-gaze data without being converted into VAMs. In GazeGNN, to directly integrate eye gaze into image classification, we create a unified representation graph that models both images and gaze pattern information. With this benefit, we develop a real-time, real-world, end-to-end disease classification algorithm for the first time in the literature. This achievement demonstrates the practicality and feasibility of integrating real-time eye tracking techniques into the daily work of radiologists. To our best knowledge, GazeGNN is the first work that adopts GNN to integrate image and eye-gaze data. Our experiments on the public chest X-ray dataset show that our proposed method exhibits the best classification performance compared to existing methods. The code is available at https://github.com/ukaukaaaa/GazeGNN.

David Wong, Bin Wang, Gorkem Durak et al.

The demand for high-quality synthetic data for model training and augmentation has never been greater in medical imaging. However, current evaluations predominantly rely on computational metrics that fail to align with human expert recognition. This leads to synthetic images that may appear realistic numerically but lack clinical authenticity, posing significant challenges in ensuring the reliability and effectiveness of AI-driven medical tools. To address this gap, we introduce GazeVal, a practical framework that synergizes expert eye-tracking data with direct radiological evaluations to assess the quality of synthetic medical images. GazeVal leverages gaze patterns of radiologists as they provide a deeper understanding of how experts perceive and interact with synthetic data in different tasks (i.e., diagnostic or Turing tests). Experiments with sixteen radiologists revealed that 96.6% of the generated images (by the most recent state-of-the-art AI algorithm) were identified as fake, demonstrating the limitations of generative AI in producing clinically accurate images.