Parampreet Singh

Sumit Kumar, Parampreet Singh, Vipul Arora

Ornamentations, embellishments, or microtonal inflections are essential to melodic expression across many musical traditions, adding depth, nuance, and emotional impact to performances. Recognizing ornamentations in singing voices is key to MIR, with potential applications in music pedagogy, singer identification, genre classification, and controlled singing voice generation. However, the lack of annotated datasets and specialized modeling approaches remains a major obstacle for progress in this research area. In this work, we introduce Rāga Ornamentation Detection (ROD), a novel dataset comprising Indian classical music recordings curated by expert musicians. The dataset is annotated using a custom Human-in-the-Loop tool for six vocal ornaments marked as event-based labels. Using this dataset, we develop an ornamentation detection model based on deep time-series analysis, preserving ornament boundaries during the chunking of long audio recordings. We conduct experiments using different train-test configurations within the ROD dataset and also evaluate our approach on a separate, manually annotated dataset of Indian classical concert recordings. Our experimental results support the superior performance of our proposed approach over the baseline CRNN.

Parampreet Singh, Vipul Arora

Raga identification is an important problem within the domain of Indian Art music, as Ragas are fundamental to its composition and performance, playing a crucial role in music retrieval, preservation, and education. Few studies that have explored this task employ approaches such as signal processing, Machine Learning (ML), and more recently, Deep Learning (DL) based methods. However, a key question remains unanswered in all these works: do these ML/DL methods learn and interpret Ragas in a manner similar to human experts? Besides, a significant roadblock in this research is the unavailability of an ample supply of rich, labeled datasets, which drives these ML/DL-based methods. In this paper, firstly we curate a dataset comprising 191 hours of Hindustani Classical Music (HCM) recordings, annotate it for Raga and tonic labels, and train a CNN-LSTM model for the task of Automatic Raga Identification (ARI). We achieve a chunk-wise f1-measure of 0.89 for a subset of 12 Raga classes. Following this, we make one of the first attempts to employ model explainability techniques: SoundLIME and GradCAM++ for Raga identification, to evaluate whether the classifier's predictions align with human understanding of Ragas. We compare the generated explanations with human expert annotations and further analyze individual test examples to understand the role of regions highlighted by explanations in making correct or incorrect predictions made by the model. Our results demonstrate a significant alignment of the model's understanding with human understanding, and the thorough analysis validates the effectiveness of our approach.