Adam Elwood

Lorenzo Ciampiconi, Adam Elwood, Marco Leonardi et al.

Most state-of-the-art machine learning techniques revolve around the optimisation of loss functions. Defining appropriate loss functions is therefore critical to successfully solving problems in this field. In this survey, we present a comprehensive overview of the most widely used loss functions across key applications, including regression, classification, generative modeling, ranking, and energy-based modeling. We introduce 43 distinct loss functions, structured within an intuitive taxonomy that clarifies their theoretical foundations, properties, and optimal application contexts. This survey is intended as a resource for undergraduate, graduate, and Ph.D. students, as well as researchers seeking a deeper understanding of loss functions.

Adam Elwood, Marco Leonardi, Ashraf Mohamed et al.

Contextual bandits can solve a huge range of real-world problems. However, current popular algorithms to solve them either rely on linear models, or unreliable uncertainty estimation in non-linear models, which are required to deal with the exploration-exploitation trade-off. Inspired by theories of human cognition, we introduce novel techniques that use maximum entropy exploration, relying on neural networks to find optimal policies in settings with both continuous and discrete action spaces. We present two classes of models, one with neural networks as reward estimators, and the other with energy based models, which model the probability of obtaining an optimal reward given an action. We evaluate the performance of these models in static and dynamic contextual bandit simulation environments. We show that both techniques outperform well-known standard algorithms, where energy based models have the best overall performance. This provides practitioners with new techniques that perform well in static and dynamic settings, and are particularly well suited to non-linear scenarios with continuous action spaces.

Istabrak Abbes, Gabriele Prato, Quentin Fournier et al.

Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with external context significantly improves their performance in natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, LLMs struggle to answer queries reliably when the provided context lacks information, often resorting to ungrounded speculation or internal knowledge. Groundedness - generating responses strictly supported by the context - is essential for ensuring factual consistency and trustworthiness. This study focuses on detecting whether a given query is grounded in a document provided in context before the costly answer generation by LLMs. Such a detection mechanism can significantly reduce both inference time and resource consumption. We show that lightweight, task specific encoder models such as RoBERTa and NomicBERT, fine-tuned on curated datasets, can achieve accuracy comparable to state-of-the-art LLMs, such as Llama3 8B and GPT4o, in groundedness detection while reducing inference latency by orders of magnitude. The code is available at : https://github.com/chandarlab/Hallucinate-less

Ruben Laukkonen, Fionn Inglis, Shamil Chandaria et al.

As artificial intelligence (AI) improves, traditional alignment strategies may falter in the face of unpredictable self-improvement, hidden subgoals, and the sheer complexity of intelligent systems. Inspired by contemplative wisdom traditions, we show how four axiomatic principles can instil a resilient Wise World Model in AI systems. First, mindfulness enables self-monitoring and recalibration of emergent subgoals. Second, emptiness forestalls dogmatic goal fixation and relaxes rigid priors. Third, non-duality dissolves adversarial self-other boundaries. Fourth, boundless care motivates the universal reduction of suffering. We find that prompting AI to reflect on these principles improves performance on the AILuminate Benchmark (d=.96) and boosts cooperation and joint-reward on the Prisoner's Dilemma task (d=7+). We offer detailed implementation strategies at the level of architectures, constitutions, and reinforcement on chain-of-thought. For future systems, active inference may offer the self-organizing and dynamic coupling capabilities needed to enact Contemplative AI in embodied agents.

Qianggang Ding, Haochen Shi, Luis Castejón Lozano et al.

We present a Temporal Rule-Anchored Chain-of-Evidence (TRACE) on knowledge graphs for interpretable stock movement prediction that unifies symbolic relational priors, dynamic graph exploration, and LLM-guided decision making in a single end-to-end pipeline. The approach performs rule-guided multi-hop exploration restricted to admissible relation sequences, grounds candidate reasoning chains in contemporaneous news, and aggregates fully grounded evidence into auditable \texttt{UP}/\texttt{DOWN} verdicts with human-readable paths connecting text and structure. On an S\&P~500 benchmark, the method achieves 55.1\% accuracy, 55.7\% precision, 71.5\% recall, and 60.8\% F1, surpassing strong baselines and improving recall and F1 over the best graph baseline under identical evaluation. The gains stem from (i) rule-guided exploration that focuses search on economically meaningful motifs rather than arbitrary walks, and (ii) text-grounded consolidation that selectively aggregates high-confidence, fully grounded hypotheses instead of uniformly pooling weak signals. Together, these choices yield higher sensitivity without sacrificing selectivity, delivering predictive lift with faithful, auditably interpretable explanations.

Adam Elwood, Alberto Gasparin, Alessandro Rozza

With the rise in use of social media to promote branded products, the demand for effective influencer marketing has increased. Brands are looking for improved ways to identify valuable influencers among a vast catalogue; this is even more challenging with "micro-influencers", which are more affordable than mainstream ones but difficult to discover. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-task learning framework to improve the state of the art in micro-influencer ranking based on multimedia content. Moreover, since the visual congruence between a brand and influencer has been shown to be good measure of compatibility, we provide an effective visual method for interpreting our models' decisions, which can also be used to inform brands' media strategies. We compare with the current state-of-the-art on a recently constructed public dataset and we show significant improvement both in terms of accuracy and model complexity. The techniques for ranking and interpretation presented in this work can be generalised to arbitrary multimedia ranking tasks that have datasets with a similar structure.