Sandro Rodriguez Garzon

Awid Vaziry, Sandro Rodriguez Garzon, Christoph Wronka et al.

Public blockchains provide no native mechanism to verify the legal identity behind a deployed smart contract, which blocks institutional adoption and compliance with EU regulations such as MiCA and AMLR. We present KYC Seal, the first protocol that extends the EU eIDAS trust infrastructure to Ethereum smart contracts by cryptographically binding them to Qualified Electronic Seals issued by Qualified Trust Service Providers (QTSPs). The protocol realizes the full eIDAS trust chain, from the European Commission's List of Trusted Lists through Member-State trusted lists and QTSP-signed X.509 certificates down to the individual smart contract, natively on-chain. An on-chain parser extracts identity fields directly from the QTSP-signed certificate bytes at registration. Both cryptographic verifications, the QTSP issuance signature and the certificate holder's seal signature, are performed once at registration and cached as on-chain state, reducing per-interaction seal verification to a pure state check. A new P-256 elliptic-curve precompile in Ethereum (deployed December 2025) makes these one-time cryptographic steps economical, enabling trustless on-chain verification of eIDAS identities without oracles or runtime intermediaries. A reference implementation, a formal security analysis, and a gas evaluation are the subject of forthcoming work.

Sandro Rodriguez Garzon, Awid Vaziry, Enis Mert Kuzu et al.

A fundamental limitation of current LLM-based AI agents is their inability to build differentiated trust among each other at the onset of an agent-to-agent dialogue. However, autonomous and interoperable trust establishment becomes essential once agents start to operate beyond isolated environments and engage in dialogues across individual or organizational boundaries. A promising way to fill this gap in Agentic AI is to equip agents with long-lived digital identities and introduce tamper-proof and flexible identity-bound attestations of agents, provisioned by commonly trusted third parties and designed for cross-domain verifiability. This article presents a conceptual framework and a prototypical multi-agent system, where each agent is endowed with a self-sovereign digital identity. It combines a unique and ledger-anchored W3C Decentralized Identifier (DID) of an agent with a set of third-party issued W3C Verifiable Credentials (VCs). This enables agents at the start of a dialog to prove ownership of their self-controlled DIDs for authentication purposes and to establish various cross-domain trust relationships through the spontaneous exchange of their self-hosted DID-bound VCs. A comprehensive evaluation of the prototypical implementation demonstrates technical feasibility but also reveals limitations once an agent's LLM is in sole charge to control the respective security procedures.

Sandro Rodriguez Garzon, Carlo Segat, Axel Küpper

A Decentralized Identifier (DID) empowers an entity to prove control over a unique and self-issued identifier without relying on any identity provider. The public key material for the proof is encoded into an associated DID document (DDO). This is preferable shared via a distributed ledger because it guarantees algorithmically that everyone has access to the latest state of any tamper-proof DDO but only the entities in control of a DID are able to update theirs. Yet, it is possible to grant deputies the authority to update the DDO on behalf of the DID owner. However, the DID specification leaves largely open on how authorizations over a DDO are managed and enforced among multiple deputies. This article investigates what it means to govern a DID and discusses various forms of how a DID can be controlled by potentially more than one entity. It also presents a prototype of a DID-conform identifier management system where a selected set of governance policies are deployed as Smart Contracts. The article highlights the critical role of governance for the trustworthy and flexible deployment of ledger-anchored DIDs across various domains.

Hai Dinh-Tuan, Felix Beierle, Sandro Rodriguez Garzon

In recent decades, it has become a significant tendency for industrial manufacturers to adopt decentralization as a new manufacturing paradigm. This enables more efficient operations and facilitates the shift from mass to customized production. At the same time, advances in data analytics give more insights into the production lines, thus improving its overall productivity. The primary objective of this paper is to apply a decentralized architecture to address new challenges in industrial analytics. The main contributions of this work are therefore two-fold: (1) an assessment of the microservices' feasibility in industrial environments, and (2) a microservices-based architecture for industrial data analytics. Also, a prototype has been developed, analyzed, and evaluated, to provide further practical insights. Initial evaluation results of this prototype underpin the adoption of microservices in industrial analytics with less than 20ms end-to-end processing latency for predicting movement paths for 100 autonomous robots on a commodity hardware server. However, it also identifies several drawbacks of the approach, which is, among others, the complexity in structure, leading to higher resource consumption.