Amit Sheth

S Suryavardan, Shreyash Mishra, Parth Patwa et al. · apple-ml, stanford

The internet gives the world an open platform to express their views and share their stories. While this is very valuable, it makes fake news one of our society's most pressing problems. Manual fact checking process is time consuming, which makes it challenging to disprove misleading assertions before they cause significant harm. This is he driving interest in automatic fact or claim verification. Some of the existing datasets aim to support development of automating fact-checking techniques, however, most of them are text based. Multi-modal fact verification has received relatively scant attention. In this paper, we provide a multi-modal fact-checking dataset called FACTIFY 2, improving Factify 1 by using new data sources and adding satire articles. Factify 2 has 50,000 new data instances. Similar to FACTIFY 1.0, we have three broad categories - support, no-evidence, and refute, with sub-categories based on the entailment of visual and textual data. We also provide a BERT and Vison Transformer based baseline, which achieves 65% F1 score in the test set. The baseline codes and the dataset will be made available at https://github.com/surya1701/Factify-2.0.

Shreyash Mishra, S Suryavardan, Parth Patwa et al. · apple-ml, stanford

Memes are the new-age conveyance mechanism for humor on social media sites. Memes often include an image and some text. Memes can be used to promote disinformation or hatred, thus it is crucial to investigate in details. We introduce Memotion 3, a new dataset with 10,000 annotated memes. Unlike other prevalent datasets in the domain, including prior iterations of Memotion, Memotion 3 introduces Hindi-English Codemixed memes while prior works in the area were limited to only the English memes. We describe the Memotion task, the data collection and the dataset creation methodologies. We also provide a baseline for the task. The baseline code and dataset will be made available at https://github.com/Shreyashm16/Memotion-3.0

Shreyash Mishra, S Suryavardan, Megha Chakraborty et al. · apple-ml, stanford

Analyzing memes on the internet has emerged as a crucial endeavor due to the impact this multi-modal form of content wields in shaping online discourse. Memes have become a powerful tool for expressing emotions and sentiments, possibly even spreading hate and misinformation, through humor and sarcasm. In this paper, we present the overview of the Memotion 3 shared task, as part of the DeFactify 2 workshop at AAAI-23. The task released an annotated dataset of Hindi-English code-mixed memes based on their Sentiment (Task A), Emotion (Task B), and Emotion intensity (Task C). Each of these is defined as an individual task and the participants are ranked separately for each task. Over 50 teams registered for the shared task and 5 made final submissions to the test set of the Memotion 3 dataset. CLIP, BERT modifications, ViT etc. were the most popular models among the participants along with approaches such as Student-Teacher model, Fusion, and Ensembling. The best final F1 score for Task A is 34.41, Task B is 79.77 and Task C is 59.82.

Shrey Gupta, Anmol Agarwal, Manas Gaur et al.

Conversational Agents (CAs) powered with deep language models (DLMs) have shown tremendous promise in the domain of mental health. Prominently, the CAs have been used to provide informational or therapeutic services to patients. However, the utility of CAs to assist in mental health triaging has not been explored in the existing work as it requires a controlled generation of follow-up questions (FQs), which are often initiated and guided by the mental health professionals (MHPs) in clinical settings. In the context of depression, our experiments show that DLMs coupled with process knowledge in a mental health questionnaire generate 12.54% and 9.37% better FQs based on similarity and longest common subsequence matches to questions in the PHQ-9 dataset respectively, when compared with DLMs without process knowledge support. Despite coupling with process knowledge, we find that DLMs are still prone to hallucination, i.e., generating redundant, irrelevant, and unsafe FQs. We demonstrate the challenge of using existing datasets to train a DLM for generating FQs that adhere to clinical process knowledge. To address this limitation, we prepared an extended PHQ-9 based dataset, PRIMATE, in collaboration with MHPs. PRIMATE contains annotations regarding whether a particular question in the PHQ-9 dataset has already been answered in the user's initial description of the mental health condition. We used PRIMATE to train a DLM in a supervised setting to identify which of the PHQ-9 questions can be answered directly from the user's post and which ones would require more information from the user. Using performance analysis based on MCC scores, we show that PRIMATE is appropriate for identifying questions in PHQ-9 that could guide generative DLMs towards controlled FQ generation suitable for aiding triaging. Dataset created as a part of this research: https://github.com/primate-mh/Primate2022

Vipula Rawte, Amit Sheth, Amitava Das

Hallucination in a foundation model (FM) refers to the generation of content that strays from factual reality or includes fabricated information. This survey paper provides an extensive overview of recent efforts that aim to identify, elucidate, and tackle the problem of hallucination, with a particular focus on ``Large'' Foundation Models (LFMs). The paper classifies various types of hallucination phenomena that are specific to LFMs and establishes evaluation criteria for assessing the extent of hallucination. It also examines existing strategies for mitigating hallucination in LFMs and discusses potential directions for future research in this area. Essentially, the paper offers a comprehensive examination of the challenges and solutions related to hallucination in LFMs.

Renjith Prasad, Chathurangi Shyalika, Anushka Pawar et al.

Multimodal generative models produce fluent outputs but remain unreliable when generation must respect structured, domain-specific, or safety-critical knowledge. Existing methods incorporate knowledge through mechanisms such as prompt augmentation, guidance, latent editing, or fine-tuning, yet they are typically categorized by technique rather than by the component of the generative process they modify. We argue that knowledge infusion in iterative generative models is fundamentally anintervention-layer problem. Since thegenerative process unfolds as a trajectory of internal states, knowledge can act on four structurally distinct components of this process: the input/output boundary, the transition function, the intermediate state, and the model parameters. This maps to four intervention layers: surface, trajectory, latent, and parametric infusion. We instantiate the framework in diffusion models, map representative methods to all four layers, and derive design principles for multi-layer composition. In a controlled safety-alignment experiment using a multimodal knowledge graph with two diffusion backbones, we implement three of the four layers cumulatively, surface (input-side and output-side) and trajectory--latent (mid-generation). We show empirically that each additional layer addresses failure classes that prior layers cannot reach, reducing knowledge-violating outputs by 70.97% compared to vanilla generation and empirically confirming the framework's complementarity prediction.

Chathurangi Shyalika, Ruwan Wickramarachchi, Amit Sheth

Rare event prediction involves identifying and forecasting events with a low probability using machine learning (ML) and data analysis. Due to the imbalanced data distributions, where the frequency of common events vastly outweighs that of rare events, it requires using specialized methods within each step of the ML pipeline, i.e., from data processing to algorithms to evaluation protocols. Predicting the occurrences of rare events is important for real-world applications, such as Industry 4.0, and is an active research area in statistical and ML. This paper comprehensively reviews the current approaches for rare event prediction along four dimensions: rare event data, data processing, algorithmic approaches, and evaluation approaches. Specifically, we consider 73 datasets from different modalities (i.e., numerical, image, text, and audio), four major categories of data processing, five major algorithmic groupings, and two broader evaluation approaches. This paper aims to identify gaps in the current literature and highlight the challenges of predicting rare events. It also suggests potential research directions, which can help guide practitioners and researchers.

Vipula Rawte, Prachi Priya, S. M Towhidul Islam Tonmoy et al.

As Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced, they have brought forth new challenges, with one of the prominent issues being LLM hallucination. While various mitigation techniques are emerging to address hallucination, it is equally crucial to delve into its underlying causes. Consequently, in this preliminary exploratory investigation, we examine how linguistic factors in prompts, specifically readability, formality, and concreteness, influence the occurrence of hallucinations. Our experimental results suggest that prompts characterized by greater formality and concreteness tend to result in reduced hallucination. However, the outcomes pertaining to readability are somewhat inconclusive, showing a mixed pattern.

Ishan Kavathekar, Anku Rani, Ashmit Chamoli et al.

The widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) and awareness around multilingual LLMs have raised concerns regarding the potential risks and repercussions linked to the misapplication of AI-generated text, necessitating increased vigilance. While these models are primarily trained for English, their extensive training on vast datasets covering almost the entire web, equips them with capabilities to perform well in numerous other languages. AI-Generated Text Detection (AGTD) has emerged as a topic that has already received immediate attention in research, with some initial methods having been proposed, soon followed by the emergence of techniques to bypass detection. In this paper, we report our investigation on AGTD for an indic language Hindi. Our major contributions are in four folds: i) examined 26 LLMs to evaluate their proficiency in generating Hindi text, ii) introducing the AI-generated news article in Hindi ($AG_{hi}$) dataset, iii) evaluated the effectiveness of five recently proposed AGTD techniques: ConDA, J-Guard, RADAR, RAIDAR and Intrinsic Dimension Estimation for detecting AI-generated Hindi text, iv) proposed Hindi AI Detectability Index ($ADI_{hi}$) which shows a spectrum to understand the evolving landscape of eloquence of AI-generated text in Hindi. The code and dataset is available at https://github.com/ishank31/Counter_Turing_Test

Kaushik Roy, Vedant Khandelwal, Raxit Goswami et al.

After the pandemic, artificial intelligence (AI) powered support for mental health care has become increasingly important. The breadth and complexity of significant challenges required to provide adequate care involve: (a) Personalized patient understanding, (b) Safety-constrained and medically validated chatbot patient interactions, and (c) Support for continued feedback-based refinements in design using chatbot-patient interactions. We propose Alleviate, a chatbot designed to assist patients suffering from mental health challenges with personalized care and assist clinicians with understanding their patients better. Alleviate draws from an array of publicly available clinically valid mental-health texts and databases, allowing Alleviate to make medically sound and informed decisions. In addition, Alleviate's modular design and explainable decision-making lends itself to robust and continued feedback-based refinements to its design. In this paper, we explain the different modules of Alleviate and submit a short video demonstrating Alleviate's capabilities to help patients and clinicians understand each other better to facilitate optimal care strategies.

Riju Marwah, Ritvik Garimella, Vishal Pallagani et al.

Autoregressive language models frequently degrade during long-horizon generation, producing repetitive text, losing instruction adherence, and exhibiting unstable entropy. Despite the prevalence of these failures, practitioners lack online diagnostics to detect them in real-time as they occur. We formalize this degradation as cognitive fatigue, a measurable generation-time state characterized by decay in attention to the original prompt, representational drift, and entropy miscalibration. We introduce the Fatigue Index (FI), a lightweight, model-agnostic diagnostic that aggregates these three signals under explicit axioms (monotonicity, boundedness, interpretability) enabling reliable runtime monitoring. Across nine models (1B-13B parameters), FI trajectories exhibit structured temporal dynamics, predict task degradation (AUROC = 0.95) and repetition (Spearman rho = 0.94), and reveal non-monotonic scaling behavior: instruction-tuned models below 3B exhibit faster collapse than base models, with this trend reversing at 7B. Stress analyses further show that FI onset accelerates under longer contexts, middle-positioned evidence, and reduced numerical precision. These results establish cognitive fatigue as a coherent and measurable phenomenon, and position FI as a principled tool for runtime reliability monitoring in production LLM systems.

Renjith Prasad, Chathurangi Shyalika, Ramtin Zand et al.

Anomaly detection in manufacturing pipelines remains a critical challenge, intensified by the complexity and variability of industrial environments. This paper introduces AssemAI, an interpretable image-based anomaly detection system tailored for smart manufacturing pipelines. Utilizing a curated image dataset from an industry-focused rocket assembly pipeline, we address the challenge of imbalanced image data and demonstrate the importance of image-based methods in anomaly detection. Our primary contributions include deriving an image dataset, fine-tuning an object detection model YOLO-FF, and implementing a custom anomaly detection model for assembly pipelines. The proposed approach leverages domain knowledge in data preparation, model development and reasoning. We implement several anomaly detection models on the derived image dataset, including a Convolutional Neural Network, Vision Transformer (ViT), and pre-trained versions of these models. Additionally, we incorporate explainability techniques at both user and model levels, utilizing ontology for user-level explanations and SCORE-CAM for in-depth feature and model analysis. Finally, the best-performing anomaly detection model and YOLO-FF are deployed in a real-time setting. Our results include ablation studies on the baselines and a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed system. This work highlights the broader impact of advanced image-based anomaly detection in enhancing the reliability and efficiency of smart manufacturing processes. The image dataset, codes to reproduce the results and additional experiments are available at https://github.com/renjithk4/AssemAI.

Tarun Garg, Kaushik Roy, Amit Sheth

Knowledge Graphs are a great resource to capture semantic knowledge in terms of entities and relationships between the entities. However, current deep learning models takes as input distributed representations or vectors. Thus, the graph is compressed in a vectorized representation. We conduct a study to examine if the deep learning model can compress a graph and then output the same graph with most of the semantics intact. Our experiments show that Transformer models are not able to express the full semantics of the input knowledge graph. We find that this is due to the disparity between the directed, relationship and type based information contained in a Knowledge Graph and the fully connected token-token undirected graphical interpretation of the Transformer Attention matrix.

S Suryavardan, Shreyash Mishra, Megha Chakraborty et al.

With social media usage growing exponentially in the past few years, fake news has also become extremely prevalent. The detrimental impact of fake news emphasizes the need for research focused on automating the detection of false information and verifying its accuracy. In this work, we present the outcome of the Factify 2 shared task, which provides a multi-modal fact verification and satire news dataset, as part of the DeFactify 2 workshop at AAAI'23. The data calls for a comparison based approach to the task by pairing social media claims with supporting documents, with both text and image, divided into 5 classes based on multi-modal relations. In the second iteration of this task we had over 60 participants and 9 final test-set submissions. The best performances came from the use of DeBERTa for text and Swinv2 and CLIP for image. The highest F1 score averaged for all five classes was 81.82%.

Hong Yung Yip, Chidaksh Ravuru, Neelabha Banerjee et al. · apple-ml, stanford

Following the success of Word2Vec embeddings, graph embeddings (GEs) have gained substantial traction. GEs are commonly generated and evaluated extrinsically on downstream applications, but intrinsic evaluations of the original graph properties in terms of topological structure and semantic information have been lacking. Understanding these will help identify the deficiency of the various families of GE methods when vectorizing graphs in terms of preserving the relevant knowledge or learning incorrect knowledge. To address this, we propose RESTORE, a framework for intrinsic GEs assessment through graph reconstruction. We show that reconstructing the original graph from the underlying GEs yields insights into the relative amount of information preserved in a given vector form. We first introduce the graph reconstruction task. We generate GEs from three GE families based on factorization methods, random walks, and deep learning (with representative algorithms from each family) on the CommonSense Knowledge Graph (CSKG). We analyze their effectiveness in preserving the (a) topological structure of node-level graph reconstruction with an increasing number of hops and (b) semantic information on various word semantic and analogy tests. Our evaluations show deep learning-based GE algorithm (SDNE) is overall better at preserving (a) with a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.54 and 0.35 for 2 and 3-hop reconstruction respectively, while the factorization-based algorithm (HOPE) is better at encapsulating (b) with an average Euclidean distance of 0.14, 0.17, and 0.11 for 1, 2, and 3-hop reconstruction respectively. The modest performance of these GEs leaves room for further research avenues on better graph representation learning.

Thilini Wijesiriwardene, Ruwan Wickramarachchi, Aishwarya Naresh Reganti et al. · apple-ml, stanford

The ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to encode syntactic and semantic structures of language is well examined in NLP. Additionally, analogy identification, in the form of word analogies are extensively studied in the last decade of language modeling literature. In this work we specifically look at how LLMs' abilities to capture sentence analogies (sentences that convey analogous meaning to each other) vary with LLMs' abilities to encode syntactic and semantic structures of sentences. Through our analysis, we find that LLMs' ability to identify sentence analogies is positively correlated with their ability to encode syntactic and semantic structures of sentences. Specifically, we find that the LLMs which capture syntactic structures better, also have higher abilities in identifying sentence analogies.

Usha Lokala, Aseem Srivastava, Triyasha Ghosh Dastidar et al.

Analyzing gender is critical to study mental health (MH) support in CVD (cardiovascular disease). The existing studies on using social media for extracting MH symptoms consider symptom detection and tend to ignore user context, disease, or gender. The current study aims to design and evaluate a system to capture how MH symptoms associated with CVD are expressed differently with the gender on social media. We observe that the reliable detection of MH symptoms expressed by persons with heart disease in user posts is challenging because of the co-existence of (dis)similar MH symptoms in one post and due to variation in the description of symptoms based on gender. We collect a corpus of $150k$ items (posts and comments) annotated using the subreddit labels and transfer learning approaches. We propose GeM, a novel task-adaptive multi-task learning approach to identify the MH symptoms in CVD patients based on gender. Specifically, we adapt a knowledge-assisted RoBERTa based bi-encoder model to capture CVD-related MH symptoms. Moreover, it enhances the reliability for differentiating the gender language in MH symptoms when compared to the state-of-art language models. Our model achieves high (statistically significant) performance and predicts four labels of MH issues and two gender labels, which outperforms RoBERTa, improving the recall by 2.14% on the symptom identification task and by 2.55% on the gender identification task.

Abhisek Tiwari, Muhammed Sinan, Kaushik Roy et al.

Over the past two decades, dialogue modeling has made significant strides, moving from simple rule-based responses to personalized and persuasive response generation. However, despite these advancements, the objective functions and evaluation metrics for dialogue generation have remained stagnant. These lexical-based metrics, e.g., cross-entropy and BLEU, have two key limitations: (a) word-to-word matching without semantic consideration: It assigns the same credit for failure to generate "nice" and "rice" for "good", (b) missing context attribute for evaluating the generated response: Even if a generated response is relevant to the ongoing dialogue context, it may still be penalized for not matching the gold utterance provided in the corpus. In this paper, we first investigate these limitations comprehensively and propose a new loss function called Semantic Infused Contextualized diaLogue (SemTextualLogue) loss function. We also formulate an evaluation metric called Dialuation, incorporating both context and semantic relevance. We experimented with both non-pretrained and pre-trained models on two dialogue corpora, encompassing task-oriented and open-domain scenarios. We found that the dialogue generation models trained with SemTextualLogueloss attained superior performance compared to the traditional cross-entropy loss function. The findings establish that the effective training of a dialogue generation model hinges significantly on incorporating semantics and context. This pattern is also mirrored in the introduced Dialuation metric, where the consideration of both context and semantics correlates more strongly with human evaluation compared to traditional metrics.

Amit Sheth, Manas Gaur, Kaushik Roy et al.

AI systems have been widely adopted across various domains in the real world. However, in high-value, sensitive, or safety-critical applications such as self-management for personalized health or food recommendation with a specific purpose (e.g., allergy-aware recipe recommendations), their adoption is unlikely. Firstly, the AI system needs to follow guidelines or well-defined processes set by experts; the data alone will not be adequate. For example, to diagnose the severity of depression, mental healthcare providers use Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). So if an AI system were to be used for diagnosis, the medical guideline implied by the PHQ-9 needs to be used. Likewise, a nutritionist's knowledge and steps would need to be used for an AI system that guides a diabetic patient in developing a food plan. Second, the BlackBox nature typical of many current AI systems will not work; the user of an AI system will need to be able to give user-understandable explanations, explanations constructed using concepts that humans can understand and are familiar with. This is the key to eliciting confidence and trust in the AI system. For such applications, in addition to data and domain knowledge, the AI systems need to have access to and use the Process Knowledge, an ordered set of steps that the AI system needs to use or adhere to.

Chathurangi Shyalika, Ruwan Wickramarachchi, Fadi El Kalach et al.

Rare events are occurrences that take place with a significantly lower frequency than more common regular events. In manufacturing, predicting such events is particularly important, as they lead to unplanned downtime, shortening equipment lifespan, and high energy consumption. The occurrence of events is considered frequently-rare if observed in more than 10% of all instances, very-rare if it is 1-5%, moderately-rare if it is 5-10%, and extremely-rare if less than 1%. The rarity of events is inversely correlated with the maturity of a manufacturing industry. Typically, the rarity of events affects the multivariate data generated within a manufacturing process to be highly imbalanced, which leads to bias in predictive models. This paper evaluates the role of data enrichment techniques combined with supervised machine-learning techniques for rare event detection and prediction. To address the data scarcity, we use time series data augmentation and sampling methods to amplify the dataset with more multivariate features and data points while preserving the underlying time series patterns in the combined alterations. Imputation techniques are used in handling null values in datasets. Considering 15 learning models ranging from statistical learning to machine learning to deep learning methods, the best-performing model for the selected datasets is obtained and the efficacy of data enrichment is evaluated. Based on this evaluation, our results find that the enrichment procedure enhances up to 48% of F1 measure in rare failure event detection and prediction of supervised prediction models. We also conduct empirical and ablation experiments on the datasets to derive dataset-specific novel insights. Finally, we investigate the interpretability aspect of models for rare event prediction, considering multiple methods.

Sumit Dalal, Deepa Tilwani, Kaushik Roy et al.

The lack of explainability using relevant clinical knowledge hinders the adoption of Artificial Intelligence-powered analysis of unstructured clinical dialogue. A wealth of relevant, untapped Mental Health (MH) data is available in online communities, providing the opportunity to address the explainability problem with substantial potential impact as a screening tool for both online and offline applications. We develop a method to enhance attention in popular transformer models and generate clinician-understandable explanations for classification by incorporating external clinical knowledge. Inspired by how clinicians rely on their expertise when interacting with patients, we leverage relevant clinical knowledge to model patient inputs, providing meaningful explanations for classification. This will save manual review time and engender trust. We develop such a system in the context of MH using clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for diagnosing depression, a mental health disorder of global concern. We propose an application-specific language model called ProcesS knowledge-infused cross ATtention (PSAT), which incorporates CPGs when computing attention. Through rigorous evaluation on three expert-curated datasets related to depression, we demonstrate application-relevant explainability of PSAT. PSAT also surpasses the performance of nine baseline models and can provide explanations where other baselines fall short. We transform a CPG resource focused on depression, such as the Patient Health Questionnaire (e.g. PHQ-9) and related questions, into a machine-readable ontology using SNOMED-CT. With this resource, PSAT enhances the ability of models like GPT-3.5 to generate application-relevant explanations.

Kaushik Roy, Yuxin Zi, Manas Gaur et al.

Language models have the potential to assess mental health using social media data. By analyzing online posts and conversations, these models can detect patterns indicating mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, or suicidal thoughts. They examine keywords, language markers, and sentiment to gain insights into an individual's mental well-being. This information is crucial for early detection, intervention, and support, improving mental health care and prevention strategies. However, using language models for mental health assessments from social media has two limitations: (1) They do not compare posts against clinicians' diagnostic processes, and (2) It's challenging to explain language model outputs using concepts that the clinician can understand, i.e., clinician-friendly explanations. In this study, we introduce Process Knowledge-infused Learning (PK-iL), a new learning paradigm that layers clinical process knowledge structures on language model outputs, enabling clinician-friendly explanations of the underlying language model predictions. We rigorously test our methods on existing benchmark datasets, augmented with such clinical process knowledge, and release a new dataset for assessing suicidality. PK-iL performs competitively, achieving a 70% agreement with users, while other XAI methods only achieve 47% agreement (average inter-rater agreement of 0.72). Our evaluations demonstrate that PK-iL effectively explains model predictions to clinicians.

Kaushik Roy, Manas Gaur, Qi Zhang et al.

Improving the performance and natural language explanations of deep learning algorithms is a priority for adoption by humans in the real world. In several domains, such as healthcare, such technology has significant potential to reduce the burden on humans by providing quality assistance at scale. However, current methods rely on the traditional pipeline of predicting labels from data, thus completely ignoring the process and guidelines used to obtain the labels. Furthermore, post hoc explanations on the data to label prediction using explainable AI (XAI) models, while satisfactory to computer scientists, leave much to be desired to the end-users due to lacking explanations of the process in terms of human-understandable concepts. We \textit{introduce}, \textit{formalize}, and \textit{develop} a novel Artificial Intelligence (A) paradigm -- Process Knowledge-infused Learning (PK-iL). PK-iL utilizes a structured process knowledge that explicitly explains the underlying prediction process that makes sense to end-users. The qualitative human evaluation confirms through a annotator agreement of 0.72, that humans are understand explanations for the predictions. PK-iL also performs competitively with the state-of-the-art (SOTA) baselines.

Revathy Venkataramanan, Kaushik Roy, Kanak Raj et al.

As people become more aware of their food choices, food computation models have become increasingly popular in assisting people in maintaining healthy eating habits. For example, food recommendation systems analyze recipe instructions to assess nutritional contents and provide recipe recommendations. The recent and remarkable successes of generative AI methods, such as auto-regressive large language models, can lead to robust methods for a more comprehensive understanding of recipes for healthy food recommendations beyond surface-level nutrition content assessments. In this study, we explore the use of generative AI methods to extend current food computation models, primarily involving the analysis of nutrition and ingredients, to also incorporate cooking actions (e.g., add salt, fry the meat, boil the vegetables, etc.). Cooking actions are notoriously hard to model using statistical learning methods due to irregular data patterns - significantly varying natural language descriptions for the same action (e.g., marinate the meat vs. marinate the meat and leave overnight) and infrequently occurring patterns (e.g., add salt occurs far more frequently than marinating the meat). The prototypical approach to handling irregular data patterns is to increase the volume of data that the model ingests by orders of magnitude. Unfortunately, in the cooking domain, these problems are further compounded with larger data volumes presenting a unique challenge that is not easily handled by simply scaling up. In this work, we propose novel aggregation-based generative AI methods, Cook-Gen, that reliably generate cooking actions from recipes, despite difficulties with irregular data patterns, while also outperforming Large Language Models and other strong baselines.

Usha Lokala, Orchid Chetia Phukan, Triyasha Ghosh Dastidar et al.

Opioid and substance misuse is rampant in the United States today, with the phenomenon known as the "opioid crisis". The relationship between substance use and mental health has been extensively studied, with one possible relationship being: substance misuse causes poor mental health. However, the lack of evidence on the relationship has resulted in opioids being largely inaccessible through legal means. This study analyzes the substance use posts on social media with opioids being sold through crypto market listings. We use the Drug Abuse Ontology, state-of-the-art deep learning, and knowledge-aware BERT-based models to generate sentiment and emotion for the social media posts to understand users' perceptions on social media by investigating questions such as: which synthetic opioids people are optimistic, neutral, or negative about? or what kind of drugs induced fear and sorrow? or what kind of drugs people love or are thankful about? or which drugs people think negatively about? or which opioids cause little to no sentimental reaction. We discuss how we crawled crypto market data and its use in extracting posts for fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and other novel synthetic opioids. We also perform topic analysis associated with the generated sentiments and emotions to understand which topics correlate with people's responses to various drugs. Additionally, we analyze time-aware neural models built on these features while considering historical sentiment and emotional activity of posts related to a drug. The most effective model performs well (statistically significant) with (macroF1=82.12, recall =83.58) to identify substance use disorder.

Kaushik Roy, Yuxin Zi, Vignesh Narayanan et al.

Domain-specific language understanding requires integrating multiple pieces of relevant contextual information. For example, we see both suicide and depression-related behavior (multiple contexts) in the text ``I have a gun and feel pretty bad about my life, and it wouldn't be the worst thing if I didn't wake up tomorrow''. Domain specificity in self-attention architectures is handled by fine-tuning on excerpts from relevant domain specific resources (datasets and external knowledge - medical textbook chapters on mental health diagnosis related to suicide and depression). We propose a modified self-attention architecture Knowledge-infused Self Attention Transformer (KSAT) that achieves the integration of multiple domain-specific contexts through the use of external knowledge sources. KSAT introduces knowledge-guided biases in dedicated self-attention layers for each knowledge source to accomplish this. In addition, KSAT provides mechanics for controlling the trade-off between learning from data and learning from knowledge. Our quantitative and qualitative evaluations show that (1) the KSAT architecture provides novel human-understandable ways to precisely measure and visualize the contributions of the infused domain contexts, and (2) KSAT performs competitively with other knowledge-infused baselines and significantly outperforms baselines that use fine-tuning for domain-specific tasks.

Thilini Wijesiriwardene, Amit Sheth, Valerie L. Shalin et al.

A hallmark of intelligence is the ability to use a familiar domain to make inferences about a less familiar domain, known as analogical reasoning. In this article, we delve into the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in dealing with progressively complex analogies expressed in unstructured text. We discuss analogies at four distinct levels of complexity: lexical analogies, syntactic analogies, semantic analogies, and pragmatic analogies. As the analogies become more complex, they require increasingly extensive, diverse knowledge beyond the textual content, unlikely to be found in the lexical co-occurrence statistics that power LLMs. To address this, we discuss the necessity of employing Neuro-symbolic AI techniques that combine statistical and symbolic AI, informing the representation of unstructured text to highlight and augment relevant content, provide abstraction and guide the mapping process. Our knowledge-informed approach maintains the efficiency of LLMs while preserving the ability to explain analogies for pedagogical applications.

Yuxin Zi, Kaushik Roy, Vignesh Narayanan et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) encode meanings of words in the form of distributed semantics. Distributed semantics capture common statistical patterns among language tokens (words, phrases, and sentences) from large amounts of data. LLMs perform exceedingly well across General Language Understanding Evaluation (GLUE) tasks designed to test a model's understanding of the meanings of the input tokens. However, recent studies have shown that LLMs tend to generate unintended, inconsistent, or wrong texts as outputs when processing inputs that were seen rarely during training, or inputs that are associated with diverse contexts (e.g., well-known hallucination phenomenon in language generation tasks). Crowdsourced and expert-curated knowledge graphs such as ConceptNet are designed to capture the meaning of words from a compact set of well-defined contexts. Thus LLMs may benefit from leveraging such knowledge contexts to reduce inconsistencies in outputs. We propose a novel ensemble learning method, Interpretable Ensemble Representation Learning (IERL), that systematically combines LLM and crowdsourced knowledge representations of input tokens. IERL has the distinct advantage of being interpretable by design (when was the LLM context used vs. when was the knowledge context used?) over state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods, allowing scrutiny of the inputs in conjunction with the parameters of the model, facilitating the analysis of models' inconsistent or irrelevant outputs. Although IERL is agnostic to the choice of LLM and crowdsourced knowledge, we demonstrate our approach using BERT and ConceptNet. We report improved or competitive results with IERL across GLUE tasks over current SOTA methods and significantly enhanced model interpretability.

Kaushik Roy, Yuxin Zi, Vignesh Narayanan et al.

Transformer-based language models have achieved impressive success in various natural language processing tasks due to their ability to capture complex dependencies and contextual information using self-attention mechanisms. However, they are not without limitations. These limitations include hallucinations, where they produce incorrect outputs with high confidence, and alignment issues, where they generate unhelpful and unsafe outputs for human users. These limitations stem from the absence of implicit and missing context in the data alone. To address this, researchers have explored augmenting these models with external knowledge from knowledge graphs to provide the necessary additional context. However, the ad-hoc nature of existing methods makes it difficult to properly analyze the effects of knowledge infusion on the many moving parts or components of a transformer. This paper introduces a systematic method for infusing knowledge into different components of a transformer-based model. A modular framework is proposed to identify specific components within the transformer architecture, such as the self-attention mechanism, encoder layers, or the input embedding layer, where knowledge infusion can be applied. Additionally, extensive experiments are conducted on the General Language Understanding Evaluation (GLUE) benchmark tasks, and the findings are reported. This systematic approach aims to facilitate more principled approaches to incorporating knowledge into language model architectures.

Aidin Shiri, Kaushik Roy, Amit Sheth et al.

Fine-tuning pre-trained foundational language models (FLM) for specific tasks is often impractical, especially for resource-constrained devices. This necessitates the development of a Lifelong Learning (L3) framework that continuously adapts to a stream of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks efficiently. We propose an approach that focuses on extracting meaningful representations from unseen data, constructing a structured knowledge base, and improving task performance incrementally. We conducted experiments on various NLP tasks to validate its effectiveness, including benchmarks like GLUE and SuperGLUE. We measured good performance across the accuracy, training efficiency, and knowledge transfer metrics. Initial experimental results show that the proposed L3 ensemble method increases the model accuracy by 4% ~ 36% compared to the fine-tuned FLM. Furthermore, L3 model outperforms naive fine-tuning approaches while maintaining competitive or superior performance (up to 15.4% increase in accuracy) compared to the state-of-the-art language model (T5) for the given task, STS benchmark.

Niyar R Barman, Krish Sharma, Ashhar Aziz et al.

The rapid advancement of text-to-image generation systems, exemplified by models like Stable Diffusion, Midjourney, Imagen, and DALL-E, has heightened concerns about their potential misuse. In response, companies like Meta and Google have intensified their efforts to implement watermarking techniques on AI-generated images to curb the circulation of potentially misleading visuals. However, in this paper, we argue that current image watermarking methods are fragile and susceptible to being circumvented through visual paraphrase attacks. The proposed visual paraphraser operates in two steps. First, it generates a caption for the given image using KOSMOS-2, one of the latest state-of-the-art image captioning systems. Second, it passes both the original image and the generated caption to an image-to-image diffusion system. During the denoising step of the diffusion pipeline, the system generates a visually similar image that is guided by the text caption. The resulting image is a visual paraphrase and is free of any watermarks. Our empirical findings demonstrate that visual paraphrase attacks can effectively remove watermarks from images. This paper provides a critical assessment, empirically revealing the vulnerability of existing watermarking techniques to visual paraphrase attacks. While we do not propose solutions to this issue, this paper serves as a call to action for the scientific community to prioritize the development of more robust watermarking techniques. Our first-of-its-kind visual paraphrase dataset and accompanying code are publicly available.

Keyur Faldu, Amit Sheth, Prashant Kikani et al.

Recently, quite a few novel neural architectures were derived to solve math word problems by predicting expression trees. These architectures varied from seq2seq models, including encoders leveraging graph relationships combined with tree decoders. These models achieve good performance on various MWPs datasets but perform poorly when applied to an adversarial challenge dataset, SVAMP. We present a novel model MMTM that leverages multi-tasking and multi-decoder during pre-training. It creates variant tasks by deriving labels using pre-order, in-order and post-order traversal of expression trees, and uses task-specific decoders in a multi-tasking framework. We leverage transformer architectures with lower dimensionality and initialize weights from RoBERTa model. MMTM model achieves better mathematical reasoning ability and generalisability, which we demonstrate by outperforming the best state of the art baseline models from Seq2Seq, GTS, and Graph2Tree with a relative improvement of 19.4% on an adversarial challenge dataset SVAMP.

Amit Sheth, Vishal Pallagani, Kaushik Roy

Generative AI, especially via Large Language Models (LLMs), has transformed content creation across text, images, and music, showcasing capabilities in following instructions through prompting, largely facilitated by instruction tuning. Instruction tuning is a supervised fine-tuning method where LLMs are trained on datasets formatted with specific tasks and corresponding instructions. This method systematically enhances the model's ability to comprehend and execute the provided directives. Despite these advancements, LLMs still face challenges in consistently interpreting complex, multi-step instructions and generalizing them to novel tasks, which are essential for broader applicability in real-world scenarios. This article explores why neurosymbolic AI offers a better path to enhance the instructability of LLMs. We explore the use a symbolic task planner to decompose high-level instructions into structured tasks, a neural semantic parser to ground these tasks into executable actions, and a neuro-symbolic executor to implement these actions while dynamically maintaining an explicit representation of state. We also seek to show that neurosymbolic approach enhances the reliability and context-awareness of task execution, enabling LLMs to dynamically interpret and respond to a wider range of instructional contexts with greater precision and flexibility.

Rajarshi Roy, Gurpreet Singh, Ashhar Aziz et al.

The rapid proliferation of AI-generated text has introduced significant challenges in maintaining the integrity of digital content. Advanced generative models such as GPT-4, Claude 3.5, and Llama can produce highly coherent and human-like text, making it increasingly difficult to differentiate between human-written and AI-generated content. While these models have transformative applications, their misuse has raised concerns about misinformation, biased narratives, and security threats. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art AI-generated text detection techniques and evaluates their effectiveness through the Counter Turing Test (CT2) shared tasks. Task A (Binary Classification) required participants to distinguish between human-written and AI-generated text, while Task B (Model Attribution) focused on identifying the specific language model responsible for generating a given text. The results demonstrated high performance in binary classification, with the top system achieving an F1 score of 1.0000, but significantly lower scores in model attribution, where the best system achieved 0.9531, highlighting the increased complexity of this task. The top-performing teams leveraged fine-tuned transformer models, ensemble learning, and hybrid detection approaches, with DeBERTa-based and BART-based methods demonstrating strong results. However, the lower scores in Task B underscore the challenges of distinguishing outputs from different LLMs, necessitating further research into adversarial robustness, feature extraction, and cross-domain generalization.

Rajarshi Roy, Nasrin Imanpour, Ashhar Aziz et al.

The rapid advancements in generative AI technologies, such as Stable Diffusion, DALL-E, and Midjourney, have significantly transformed the creation of synthetic visual content. While these models enable innovation across industries, they also pose serious challenges, including misinformation, disinformation, and biased content generation. The increasing realism of AI-generated images makes their detection a pressing concern for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders. In this paper, we present the findings of the Defactify 4.0 workshop, which introduced the Counter Turing Test (CT2) for AI-Generated Image Detection. The competition consisted of two key tasks: (1) binary classification of images as either AI-generated or real and (2) identification of the specific generative model responsible for an AI-generated image. To facilitate this, we developed the MS COCOAI dataset, consisting of 50,000 synthetic images from multiple generative models alongside real-world images from the MS COCO dataset. Participants employed diverse detection strategies, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs), Vision Transformers (ViTs), frequency-based analysis, contrastive learning, and multimodal techniques. The results demonstrated that while AI-generated images can be detected with high accuracy (F1-score > 0.83), identifying the exact model used remains significantly more challenging (highest F1-score: 0.4986). These findings highlight the need for improved model fingerprinting, adversarial robustness, and real-time detection mechanisms.

Chathurangi Shyalika, Dhaval Patel, Amit Sheth

Industrial maintenance environments increasingly rely on AI systems to assist operators in understanding asset behavior, diagnosing failures, and evaluating interventions. Although large language models (LLMs) enable fluent natural-language interaction, deployed maintenance assistants routinely produce generic explanations that are weakly grounded in telemetry, omit verifiable provenance, and offer no testable support for counterfactual or action-oriented reasoning that undermine trust in safety-critical settings. We present IndustryAssetEQA, a neurosymbolic operational intelligence system that combines episodic telemetry representations with a Failure Mode Effects Analysis Knowledge Graph (FMEA-KG) to enable Embodied Question Answering (EQA) over industrial assets. We evaluate on four datasets covering four industrial asset types, including rotating machinery, turbofan engines, hydraulic systems, and cyber-physical production systems. Compared to LLM-only baselines, IndustryAssetEQA improves structural validity by up to 0.51, counterfactual accuracy by up to 0.47, and explanation entailment by 0.64, while reducing severe expert-rated overclaims from 28% to 2% (approximately 93% reduction). Code, datasets, and the FMEA-KG are available at https://github.com/IBM/AssetOpsBench/tree/IndustryAssetEQA/IndustryAssetEQA.

Megha Chakraborty, Darssan L. Eswaramoorthi, Madhur Thareja et al.

AI-driven education platforms have made some progress in personalisation, yet most remain constrained to static adaptation--predefined quizzes, uniform pacing, or generic feedback--limiting their ability to respond to learners' evolving understanding. This shortfall highlights the need for systems that are both context-aware and adaptive in real time. We introduce PAL (Personal Adaptive Learner), an AI-powered platform that transforms lecture videos into interactive learning experiences. PAL continuously analyzes multimodal lecture content and dynamically engages learners through questions of varying difficulty, adjusting to their responses as the lesson unfolds. At the end of a session, PAL generates a personalized summary that reinforces key concepts while tailoring examples to the learner's interests. By uniting multimodal content analysis with adaptive decision-making, PAL contributes a novel framework for responsive digital learning. Our work demonstrates how AI can move beyond static personalization toward real-time, individualized support, addressing a core challenge in AI-enabled education.

Kaushik Roy, Harshul Surana, Darssan Eswaramoorthi et al.

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly attracting the attention of healthcare professionals for their potential to assist in diagnostic assessments, which could alleviate the strain on the healthcare system caused by a high patient load and a shortage of providers. For LLMs to be effective in supporting diagnostic assessments, it is essential that they closely replicate the standard diagnostic procedures used by clinicians. In this paper, we specifically examine the diagnostic assessment processes described in the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for major depressive disorder (MDD) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). We investigate various prompting and fine-tuning techniques to guide both proprietary and open-source LLMs in adhering to these processes, and we evaluate the agreement between LLM-generated diagnostic outcomes and expert-validated ground truth. For fine-tuning, we utilize the Mentalllama and Llama models, while for prompting, we experiment with proprietary models like GPT-3.5 and GPT-4o, as well as open-source models such as llama-3.1-8b and mixtral-8x7b.

Chathurangi Shyalika, Harleen Kaur Bagga, Ahan Bhatt et al.

Time series foundational models (TSFM) have gained prominence in time series forecasting, promising state-of-the-art performance across various applications. However, their application in anomaly detection and prediction remains underexplored, with growing concerns regarding their black-box nature, lack of interpretability and applicability. This paper critically evaluates the efficacy of TSFM in anomaly detection and prediction tasks. We systematically analyze TSFM across multiple datasets, including those characterized by the absence of discernible patterns, trends and seasonality. Our analysis shows that while TSFMs can be extended for anomaly detection and prediction, traditional statistical and deep learning models often match or outperform TSFM in these tasks. Additionally, TSFMs require high computational resources but fail to capture sequential dependencies effectively or improve performance in few-shot or zero-shot scenarios. \noindent The preprocessed datasets, codes to reproduce the results and supplementary materials are available at https://github.com/smtmnfg/TSFM.

Thilini Wijesiriwardene, Ruwan Wickramarachchi, Sreeram Vennam et al.

Making analogies is fundamental to cognition. Proportional analogies, which consist of four terms, are often used to assess linguistic and cognitive abilities. For instance, completing analogies like "Oxygen is to Gas as <blank> is to <blank>" requires identifying the semantic relationship (e.g., "type of") between the first pair of terms ("Oxygen" and "Gas") and finding a second pair that shares the same relationship (e.g., "Aluminum" and "Metal"). In this work, we introduce a 15K Multiple-Choice Question Answering (MCQA) dataset for proportional analogy completion and evaluate the performance of contemporary Large Language Models (LLMs) in various knowledge-enhanced prompt settings. Specifically, we augment prompts with three types of knowledge: exemplar, structured, and targeted. Our results show that despite extensive training data, solving proportional analogies remains challenging for current LLMs, with the best model achieving an accuracy of 55%. Notably, we find that providing targeted knowledge can better assist models in completing proportional analogies compared to providing exemplars or collections of structured knowledge. Our code and data are available at: https://github.com/Thiliniiw/KnowledgePrompts/

Ruwan Wickramarachchi, Cory Henson, Amit Sheth

In the era of Generative AI, Neurosymbolic AI is emerging as a powerful approach for tasks spanning from perception to cognition. The use of Neurosymbolic AI has been shown to achieve enhanced capabilities, including improved grounding, alignment, explainability, and reliability. However, due to its nascent stage, there is a lack of widely available real-world benchmark datasets tailored to Neurosymbolic AI tasks. To address this gap and support the evaluation of current and future methods, we introduce DSceneKG -- a suite of knowledge graphs of driving scenes built from real-world, high-quality scenes from multiple open autonomous driving datasets. In this article, we detail the construction process of DSceneKG and highlight its application in seven different tasks. DSceneKG is publicly accessible at: https://github.com/ruwantw/DSceneKG

Chathurangi Shyalika, Renjith Prasad, Alaa Al Ghazo et al.

In the dynamic landscape of Industry 4.0, achieving efficiency, precision, and adaptability is essential to optimize manufacturing operations. Industries suffer due to supply chain disruptions caused by anomalies, which are being detected by current AI models but leaving domain experts uncertain without deeper insights into these anomalies. Additionally, operational inefficiencies persist due to inaccurate production forecasts and the limited effectiveness of traditional AI models for processing complex sensor data. Despite these advancements, existing systems lack the seamless integration of these capabilities needed to create a truly unified solution for enhancing production and decision-making. We propose SmartPilot, a neurosymbolic, multiagent CoPilot designed for advanced reasoning and contextual decision-making to address these challenges. SmartPilot processes multimodal sensor data and is compact to deploy on edge devices. It focuses on three key tasks: anomaly prediction, production forecasting, and domain-specific question answering. By bridging the gap between AI capabilities and real-world industrial needs, SmartPilot empowers industries with intelligent decision-making and drives transformative innovation in manufacturing. The demonstration video, datasets, and supplementary materials are available at https://github.com/ChathurangiShyalika/SmartPilot.

Chathurangi Shyalika, Renjith Prasad, Fadi El Kalach et al.

In modern assembly pipelines, identifying anomalies is crucial in ensuring product quality and operational efficiency. Conventional single-modality methods fail to capture the intricate relationships required for precise anomaly prediction in complex predictive environments with abundant data and multiple modalities. This paper proposes a neurosymbolic AI and fusion-based approach for multimodal anomaly prediction in assembly pipelines. We introduce a time series and image-based fusion model that leverages decision-level fusion techniques. Our research builds upon three primary novel approaches in multimodal learning: time series and image-based decision-level fusion modeling, transfer learning for fusion, and knowledge-infused learning. We evaluate the novel method using our derived and publicly available multimodal dataset and conduct comprehensive ablation studies to assess the impact of our preprocessing techniques and fusion model compared to traditional baselines. The results demonstrate that a neurosymbolic AI-based fusion approach that uses transfer learning can effectively harness the complementary strengths of time series and image data, offering a robust and interpretable approach for anomaly prediction in assembly pipelines with enhanced performance. \noindent The datasets, codes to reproduce the results, supplementary materials, and demo are available at https://github.com/ChathurangiShyalika/NSF-MAP.

Utkarshani Jaimini, Cory Henson, Amit Sheth

The current method for predicting causal links in knowledge graphs uses weighted causal relations. For a given link between cause-effect entities, the presence of a confounder affects the causal link prediction, which can lead to spurious and inaccurate results. We aim to block these confounders using backdoor path adjustment. Backdoor paths are non-causal association flows that connect the \textit{cause-entity} to the \textit{effect-entity} through other variables. Removing these paths ensures a more accurate prediction of causal links. This paper proposes CausalLPBack, a novel approach to causal link prediction that eliminates backdoor paths and uses knowledge graph link prediction methods. It extends the representation of causality in a neuro-symbolic framework, enabling the adoption and use of traditional causal AI concepts and methods. We demonstrate our approach using a causal reasoning benchmark dataset of simulated videos. The evaluation involves a unique dataset splitting method called the Markov-based split that's relevant for causal link prediction. The evaluation of the proposed approach demonstrates atleast 30\% in MRR and 16\% in Hits@K inflated performance for causal link prediction that is due to the bias introduced by backdoor paths for both baseline and weighted causal relations.

Utkarshani Jaimini, Cory Henson, Amit Sheth

Causal networks are often incomplete with missing causal links. This is due to various issues, such as missing observation data. Recent approaches to the issue of incomplete causal networks have used knowledge graph link prediction methods to find the missing links. In the causal link A causes B causes C, the influence of A to C is influenced by B which is known as a mediator. Existing approaches using knowledge graph link prediction do not consider these mediated causal links. This paper presents HyperCausalLP, an approach designed to find missing causal links within a causal network with the help of mediator links. The problem of missing links is formulated as a hyper-relational knowledge graph completion. The approach uses a knowledge graph link prediction model trained on a hyper-relational knowledge graph with the mediators. The approach is evaluated on a causal benchmark dataset, CLEVRER-Humans. Results show that the inclusion of knowledge about mediators in causal link prediction using hyper-relational knowledge graph improves the performance on an average by 5.94% mean reciprocal rank.

Prateek Biswas, Dhaval Patel, Vedant Khandelwal et al.

Multiple-choice QA benchmarks usually evaluate small language models (SLMs) as direct answerers, but deployed language-model systems increasingly rely on external scaffolds such as tools, code, and repeated model calls. We introduce Code-Guided Reasoning (CGR), an evaluation protocol and generated-program resource for measuring when executable reasoning scaffolds improve SLM performance on MCQA tasks. CGR standardizes six components: a normalized item interface, a direct solver prompt, a generator prompt, a Python scaffold, solver-call and extraction helpers, and a three-channel result record. On 20,498 retained result rows from a locally prepared MCQA bundle and six metadata-registered solver models, the observed non-zero-baseline partition shows 66.21% macro assisted accuracy versus 38.11% direct accuracy, a +28.10 percentage-point difference with a pair-bootstrap interval of [20.32, 36.43]. Under a stricter Ab > 30% direct-signal gate, the macro difference is +14.11 points. These estimates are descriptive. Assisted inference uses a larger solver-call budget, answer extraction is brittle, Time-MQA contains the observed regressions, and some generated programs violate the no-hard-coding instruction. CGR provides the trace package needed to interpret these results, including direct, assisted, and generator-side answers, partition definitions, generated programs, response metadata, and audits.

Rajarshi Roy, Nasrin Imanpour, Ashhar Aziz et al.

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to increasingly human-like AI-generated text, raising concerns about content authenticity, misinformation, and trustworthiness. Addressing the challenge of reliably detecting AI-generated text and attributing it to specific models requires large-scale, diverse, and well-annotated datasets. In this work, we present a comprehensive dataset comprising over 58,000 text samples that combine authentic New York Times articles with synthetic versions generated by multiple state-of-the-art LLMs including Gemma-2-9b, Mistral-7B, Qwen-2-72B, LLaMA-8B, Yi-Large, and GPT-4-o. The dataset provides original article abstracts as prompts, full human-authored narratives. We establish baseline results for two key tasks: distinguishing human-written from AI-generated text, achieving an accuracy of 58.35\%, and attributing AI texts to their generating models with an accuracy of 8.92\%. By bridging real-world journalistic content with modern generative models, the dataset aims to catalyze the development of robust detection and attribution methods, fostering trust and transparency in the era of generative AI. Our dataset is available at: https://huggingface.co/datasets/gsingh1-py/train.

Shaivi Malik, Hasnat Md Abdullah, Sriparna Saha et al.

As Vision Language Models (VLMs) become integral to real-world applications, understanding their demographic biases is critical. We introduce GRAS, a benchmark for uncovering demographic biases in VLMs across gender, race, age, and skin tone, offering the most diverse coverage to date. We further propose the GRAS Bias Score, an interpretable metric for quantifying bias. We benchmark five state-of-the-art VLMs and reveal concerning bias levels, with the least biased model attaining a GRAS Bias Score of only 2 out of 100. Our findings also reveal a methodological insight: evaluating bias in VLMs with visual question answering (VQA) requires considering multiple formulations of a question. Our code, data, and evaluation results are publicly available.

Varuna Krishna, S Suryavardan, Shreyash Mishra et al.

Word embeddings, i.e., semantically meaningful vector representation of words, are largely influenced by the distributional hypothesis "You shall know a word by the company it keeps" (Harris, 1954), whereas modern prediction-based neural network embeddings rely on design choices and hyperparameter optimization. Word embeddings like Word2Vec, GloVe etc. well capture the contextuality and real-world analogies but contemporary convolution-based image embeddings such as VGGNet, AlexNet, etc. do not capture contextual knowledge. The popular king-queen analogy does not hold true for most commonly used vision embeddings. In this paper, we introduce a pre-trained joint embedding (JE), named IMAGINATOR, trained on 21K distinct image objects level from 1M image+text pairs. JE is a way to encode multimodal data into a vector space where the text modality serves as the ground-ing key, which the complementary modality (in this case, the image) is anchored with. IMAGINATOR encapsulates three individual representations: (i) object-object co-location, (ii) word-object co-location, and (iii) word-object correlation. These three ways capture complementary aspects of the two modalities which are further combined to obtain the final JEs. Generated JEs are intrinsically evaluated to assess how well they capture the contextuality and real-world analogies. We also evaluate pre-trained IMAGINATOR JEs on three downstream tasks: (i) image captioning, (ii) Image2Tweet, and (iii) text-based image retrieval. IMAGINATOR establishes a new standard on the aforementioned down-stream tasks by outperforming the current SoTA on all the selected tasks. IMAGINATOR will be made publicly available. The codes are available at https://github.com/varunakk/IMAGINATOR

Anku Rani, S. M Towhidul Islam Tonmoy, Dwip Dalal et al.

Automatic fact verification has received significant attention recently. Contemporary automatic fact-checking systems focus on estimating truthfulness using numerical scores which are not human-interpretable. A human fact-checker generally follows several logical steps to verify a verisimilitude claim and conclude whether its truthful or a mere masquerade. Popular fact-checking websites follow a common structure for fact categorization such as half true, half false, false, pants on fire, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to have an aspect-based (delineating which part(s) are true and which are false) explainable system that can assist human fact-checkers in asking relevant questions related to a fact, which can then be validated separately to reach a final verdict. In this paper, we propose a 5W framework (who, what, when, where, and why) for question-answer-based fact explainability. To that end, we present a semi-automatically generated dataset called FACTIFY-5WQA, which consists of 391, 041 facts along with relevant 5W QAs - underscoring our major contribution to this paper. A semantic role labeling system has been utilized to locate 5Ws, which generates QA pairs for claims using a masked language model. Finally, we report a baseline QA system to automatically locate those answers from evidence documents, which can serve as a baseline for future research in the field. Lastly, we propose a robust fact verification system that takes paraphrased claims and automatically validates them. The dataset and the baseline model are available at https: //github.com/ankuranii/acl-5W-QA