G. Dumindu Samaraweera, Hung Nguyen, Hadi Zanddizari et al.
Recent breakthrough technological progressions of powerful mobile computing resources such as low-cost mobile GPUs along with cutting-edge, open-source software architectures have enabled high-performance deep learning on mobile platforms. These advancements have revolutionized the capabilities of today's mobile applications in different dimensions to perform data-driven intelligence locally, particularly for smart health applications. Unlike traditional machine learning (ML) architectures, modern on-device deep learning frameworks are proficient in utilizing computing resources in mobile platforms seamlessly, in terms of producing highly accurate results in less inference time. However, on the flip side, energy resources in a mobile device are typically limited. Hence, whenever a complex Deep Neural Network (DNN) architecture is fed into the on-device deep learning framework, while it achieves high prediction accuracy (and performance), it also urges huge energy demands during the runtime. Therefore, managing these resources efficiently within the spectrum of performance and energy efficiency is the newest challenge for any mobile application featuring data-driven intelligence beyond experimental evaluations. In this paper, first, we provide a timely review of recent advancements in on-device deep learning while empirically evaluating the performance metrics of current state-of-the-art ML architectures and conventional ML approaches with the emphasis given on energy characteristics by deploying them on a smart health application. With that, we are introducing a new framework through an energy-aware, adaptive model comprehension and realization (EAMCR) approach that can be utilized to make more robust and efficient inference decisions based on the available computing/energy resources in the mobile device during the runtime.