Qun Wang

Xiaodong Qu, Andrews Damoah, Joshua Sherwood et al.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents have rapidly evolved from specialized, rule-based programs to versatile, learning-driven autonomous systems capable of perception, reasoning, and action in complex environments. The explosion of data, advances in deep learning, reinforcement learning, and multi-agent coordination have accelerated this transformation. Yet, designing and deploying unified AI agents that seamlessly integrate cognition, planning, and interaction remains a grand challenge. In this review, we systematically examine the architectural principles, foundational components, and emergent paradigms that define the landscape of contemporary AI agents. We synthesize insights from cognitive science-inspired models, hierarchical reinforcement learning frameworks, and large language model-based reasoning. Moreover, we discuss the pressing ethical, safety, and interpretability concerns associated with deploying these agents in real-world scenarios. By highlighting major breakthroughs, persistent challenges, and promising research directions, this review aims to guide the next generation of AI agent systems toward more robust, adaptable, and trustworthy autonomous intelligence.

Qun Wang, Haijian Sun, Rose Qingyang Hu et al.

The exponential growth of internet connected systems has generated numerous challenges, such as spectrum shortage issues, which require efficient spectrum sharing (SS) solutions. Complicated and dynamic SS systems can be exposed to different potential security and privacy issues, requiring protection mechanisms to be adaptive, reliable, and scalable. Machine learning (ML) based methods have frequently been proposed to address those issues. In this article, we provide a comprehensive survey of the recent development of ML based SS methods, the most critical security issues, and corresponding defense mechanisms. In particular, we elaborate the state-of-the-art methodologies for improving the performance of SS communication systems for various vital aspects, including ML based cognitive radio networks (CRNs), ML based database assisted SS networks, ML based LTE-U networks, ML based ambient backscatter networks, and other ML based SS solutions. We also present security issues from the physical layer and corresponding defending strategies based on ML algorithms, including Primary User Emulation (PUE) attacks, Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification (SSDF) attacks, jamming attacks, eavesdropping attacks, and privacy issues. Finally, extensive discussions on open challenges for ML based SS are also given. This comprehensive review is intended to provide the foundation for and facilitate future studies on exploring the potential of emerging ML for coping with increasingly complex SS and their security problems.

Xiang Ma, Haijian Sun, Qun Wang et al.

A new machine learning (ML) technique termed as federated learning (FL) aims to preserve data at the edge devices and to only exchange ML model parameters in the learning process. FL not only reduces the communication needs but also helps to protect the local privacy. Although FL has these advantages, it can still experience large communication latency when there are massive edge devices connected to the central parameter server (PS) and/or millions of model parameters involved in the learning process. Over-the-air computation (AirComp) is capable of computing while transmitting data by allowing multiple devices to send data simultaneously by using analog modulation. To achieve good performance in FL through AirComp, user scheduling plays a critical role. In this paper, we investigate and compare different user scheduling policies, which are based on various criteria such as wireless channel conditions and the significance of model updates. Receiver beamforming is applied to minimize the mean-square-error (MSE) of the distortion of function aggregation result via AirComp. Simulation results show that scheduling based on the significance of model updates has smaller fluctuations in the training process while scheduling based on channel condition has the advantage on energy efficiency.