Weili Fang

Peter ED Love, Weili Fang, Jane Matthews et al.

Explainable artificial intelligence has received limited attention in construction despite its growing importance in various other industrial sectors. In this paper, we provide a narrative review of XAI to raise awareness about its potential in construction. Our review develops a taxonomy of the XAI literature comprising its precepts and approaches. Opportunities for future XAI research focusing on stakeholder desiderata and data and information fusion are identified and discussed. We hope the opportunities we suggest stimulate new lines of inquiry to help alleviate the scepticism and hesitancy toward AI adoption and integration in construction.

Peter ED Love, Jane Matthews, Weili Fang et al.

Explainable artificial intelligence is an emerging and evolving concept. Its impact on construction, though yet to be realised, will be profound in the foreseeable future. Still, XAI has received limited attention in construction. As a result, no evaluation frameworks have been propagated to enable construction organisations to understand the what, why, how, and when of XAI. Our paper aims to fill this void by developing a content, context, process, and outcome evaluation framework that can be used to justify the adoption and effective management of XAI. After introducing and describing this novel framework, we discuss its implications for future research. While our novel framework is conceptual, it provides a frame of reference for construction organisations to make headway toward realising XAI business value and benefits.

Peter E. D. Love, Jane Matthews, Weili Fang et al.

Explainable Artificial Intelligence seeks to make the reasoning processes of AI models transparent and interpretable, particularly in complex decision making environments. In the construction industry, where AI based decision support systems are increasingly adopted, limited attention has been paid to the integration of supporting evidence that underpins the reliability and accountability of AI generated outputs. The absence of such evidence undermines the validity of explanations and the trustworthiness of system recommendations. This paper addresses this gap by introducing a theoretical, evidence based means end framework developed through a narrative review. The framework offers an epistemic foundation for designing XAI enabled DSS that generate meaningful explanations tailored to users knowledge needs and decision contexts. It focuses on evaluating the strength, relevance, and utility of different types of evidence supporting AI generated explanations. While developed with construction professionals as primary end users, the framework is also applicable to developers, regulators, and project managers with varying epistemic goals.

Dongrui Wu, Jiaxin Xu, Weili Fang et al.

Physiological computing uses human physiological data as system inputs in real time. It includes, or significantly overlaps with, brain-computer interfaces, affective computing, adaptive automation, health informatics, and physiological signal based biometrics. Physiological computing increases the communication bandwidth from the user to the computer, but is also subject to various types of adversarial attacks, in which the attacker deliberately manipulates the training and/or test examples to hijack the machine learning algorithm output, leading to possible user confusion, frustration, injury, or even death. However, the vulnerability of physiological computing systems has not been paid enough attention to, and there does not exist a comprehensive review on adversarial attacks to them. This paper fills this gap, by providing a systematic review on the main research areas of physiological computing, different types of adversarial attacks and their applications to physiological computing, and the corresponding defense strategies. We hope this review will attract more research interests on the vulnerability of physiological computing systems, and more importantly, defense strategies to make them more secure.

Ziang Liu, Xue Jiang, Hanbin Luo et al.

Active learning (AL) selects the most beneficial unlabeled samples to label, and hence a better machine learning model can be trained from the same number of labeled samples. Most existing active learning for regression (ALR) approaches are supervised, which means the sampling process must use some label information, or an existing regression model. This paper considers completely unsupervised ALR, i.e., how to select the samples to label without knowing any true label information. We propose a novel unsupervised ALR approach, iterative representativeness-diversity maximization (iRDM), to optimally balance the representativeness and the diversity of the selected samples. Experiments on 12 datasets from various domains demonstrated its effectiveness. Our iRDM can be applied to both linear regression and kernel regression, and it even significantly outperforms supervised ALR when the number of labeled samples is small.

Zihan Liu, Lubin Meng, Xiao Zhang et al.

Multiple convolutional neural network (CNN) classifiers have been proposed for electroencephalogram (EEG) based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). However, CNN models have been found vulnerable to universal adversarial perturbations (UAPs), which are small and example-independent, yet powerful enough to degrade the performance of a CNN model, when added to a benign example. This paper proposes a novel total loss minimization (TLM) approach to generate UAPs for EEG-based BCIs. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of TLM on three popular CNN classifiers for both target and non-target attacks. We also verified the transferability of UAPs in EEG-based BCI systems. To our knowledge, this is the first study on UAPs of CNN classifiers in EEG-based BCIs. UAPs are easy to construct, and can attack BCIs in real-time, exposing a potentially critical security concern of BCIs.