Ziqiang Wang

Ziqiang Wang, Zhixiang Chi, Yanan Wu et al.

Given a model trained on source data, Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) enables adaptation and inference in test data streams with domain shifts from the source. Current methods predominantly optimize the model for each incoming test data batch using self-training loss. While these methods yield commendable results in ideal test data streams, where batches are independently and identically sampled from the target distribution, they falter under more practical test data streams that are not independent and identically distributed (non-i.i.d.). The data batches in a non-i.i.d. stream display prominent label shifts relative to each other. It leads to conflicting optimization objectives among batches during the TTA process. Given the inherent risks of adapting the source model to unpredictable test-time distributions, we reverse the adaptation process and propose a novel Distribution Alignment loss for TTA. This loss guides the distributions of test-time features back towards the source distributions, which ensures compatibility with the well-trained source model and eliminates the pitfalls associated with conflicting optimization objectives. Moreover, we devise a domain shift detection mechanism to extend the success of our proposed TTA method in the continual domain shift scenarios. Our extensive experiments validate the logic and efficacy of our method. On six benchmark datasets, we surpass existing methods in non-i.i.d. scenarios and maintain competitive performance under the ideal i.i.d. assumption.

Houston H. Zhang, Tao Zhang, Baoze Lin et al.

User interface to code (UI2Code) aims to generate executable code that can faithfully reconstruct a given input UI. Prior work focuses largely on web pages and mobile screens, leaving app widgets underexplored. Unlike web or mobile UIs with rich hierarchical context, widgets are compact, context-free micro-interfaces that summarize key information through dense layouts and iconography under strict spatial constraints. Moreover, while (image, code) pairs are widely available for web or mobile UIs, widget designs are proprietary and lack accessible markup. We formalize this setting as the Widget-to-Code (Widget2Code) and introduce an image-only widget benchmark with fine-grained, multi-dimensional evaluation metrics. Benchmarking shows that although generalized multimodal large language models (MLLMs) outperform specialized UI2Code methods, they still produce unreliable and visually inconsistent code. To address these limitations, we develop a baseline that jointly advances perceptual understanding and structured code generation. At the perceptual level, we follow widget design principles to assemble atomic components into complete layouts, equipped with icon retrieval and reusable visualization modules. At the system level, we design an end-to-end infrastructure, WidgetFactory, which includes a framework-agnostic widget-tailored domain-specific language (WidgetDSL) and a compiler that translates it into multiple front-end implementations (e.g., React, HTML/CSS). An adaptive rendering module further refines spatial dimensions to satisfy compactness constraints. Together, these contributions substantially enhance visual fidelity, establishing a strong baseline and unified infrastructure for future Widget2Code research.

Li Gu, Zihuan Jiang, Zhixiang Chi et al.

Graphical user interface (GUI)-based mobile agents automate digital tasks on mobile devices by interpreting natural-language instructions and interacting with the screen. While recent methods apply reinforcement learning (RL) to train vision-language-model(VLM) agents in interactive environments with a primary focus on performance, generalization remains underexplored due to the lack of standardized benchmarks and open-source RL systems. In this work, we formalize the problem as a Contextual Markov Decision Process (CMDP) and introduce \textbf{AndroidWorld-Generalization}, a benchmark with three increasingly challenging regimes for evaluating zero-shot generalization to unseen task instances, templates, and applications. We further propose an RL training system that integrates Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) with a scalable rollout collection system, consisting of containerized infrastructure and asynchronous execution % , and error recovery to support reliable and efficient training. Experiments on AndroidWorld-Generalization show that RL enables a 7B-parameter VLM agent to surpass supervised fine-tuning baselines, yielding a 26.1\% improvement on unseen instances but only limited gains on unseen templates (15.7\%) and apps (8.3\%), underscoring the challenges of generalization. As a preliminary step, we demonstrate that few-shot adaptation at test-time improves performance on unseen apps, motivating future research in this direction. To support reproducibility and fair comparison, we open-source the full RL training system, including the environment, task suite, models, prompt configurations, and the underlying infrastructure \footnote{https://github.com/zihuanjiang/AndroidWorld-Generalization}.

Ziqiang Wang, Zhi Liu, Gongyang Li et al.

3D convolutional neural networks have achieved promising results for video tasks in computer vision, including video saliency prediction that is explored in this paper. However, 3D convolution encodes visual representation merely on fixed local spacetime according to its kernel size, while human attention is always attracted by relational visual features at different time. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel Spatio-Temporal Self-Attention 3D Network (STSANet) for video saliency prediction, in which multiple Spatio-Temporal Self-Attention (STSA) modules are employed at different levels of 3D convolutional backbone to directly capture long-range relations between spatio-temporal features of different time steps. Besides, we propose an Attentional Multi-Scale Fusion (AMSF) module to integrate multi-level features with the perception of context in semantic and spatio-temporal subspaces. Extensive experiments demonstrate the contributions of key components of our method, and the results on DHF1K, Hollywood-2, UCF, and DIEM benchmark datasets clearly prove the superiority of the proposed model compared with all state-of-the-art models.