Chongqing Kang

Yuxiao Liu, Ning Zhang, Yi Wang et al.

The linearization of a power flow (PF) model is an important approach for simplifying and accelerating the calculation of a power system's control, operation, and optimization. Traditional model-based methods derive linearized PF models by making approximations in the analytical PF model according to the physical characteristics of the power system. Today, more measurements of the power system are available and thus facilitate data-driven approaches beyond model-driven approaches. This work studies a linearized PF model through a data-driven approach. Both a forward regression model ((P, Q) as a function of (theta, V)) and an inverse regression model ((theta, V) as a function of (P, Q)) are proposed. Partial least square (PLS)- and Bayesian linear regression (BLR)-based algorithms are designed to address data collinearity and avoid overfitting. The proposed approach is tested on a series of IEEE standard cases, which include both meshed transmission grids and radial distribution grids, with both Monte Carlo simulated data and public testing data. The results show that the proposed approach can realize a higher calculation accuracy than model-based approaches can. The results also demonstrate that the obtained regression parameter matrices of data-driven models reflect power system physics by demonstrating similar patterns with some power system matrices (e.g., the admittance matrix).

Shaohuai Liu, Jinbo Liu, Weirui Ye et al.

The growing renewable energy sources have posed significant challenges to traditional power scheduling. It is difficult for operators to obtain accurate day-ahead forecasts of renewable generation, thereby requiring the future scheduling system to make real-time scheduling decisions aligning with ultra-short-term forecasts. Restricted by the computation speed, traditional optimization-based methods can not solve this problem. Recent developments in reinforcement learning (RL) have demonstrated the potential to solve this challenge. However, the existing RL methods are inadequate in terms of constraint complexity, algorithm performance, and environment fidelity. We are the first to propose a systematic solution based on the state-of-the-art reinforcement learning algorithm and the real power grid environment. The proposed approach enables planning and finer time resolution adjustments of power generators, including unit commitment and economic dispatch, thus increasing the grid's ability to admit more renewable energy. The well-trained scheduling agent significantly reduces renewable curtailment and load shedding, which are issues arising from traditional scheduling's reliance on inaccurate day-ahead forecasts. High-frequency control decisions exploit the existing units' flexibility, reducing the power grid's dependence on hardware transformations and saving investment and operating costs, as demonstrated in experimental results. This research exhibits the potential of reinforcement learning in promoting low-carbon and intelligent power systems and represents a solid step toward sustainable electricity generation.

Guangchun Ruan, Jianxiao Wang, Haiwang Zhong et al.

The superior performance of deep learning relies heavily on a large collection of sample data, but the data insufficiency problem turns out to be relatively common in global electricity markets. How to prevent overfitting in this case becomes a fundamental challenge when training deep learning models in different market applications. With this in mind, we propose a general framework, namely Knowledge-Augmented Training (KAT), to improve the sample efficiency, and the main idea is to incorporate domain knowledge into the training procedures of deep learning models. Specifically, we propose a novel data augmentation technique to generate some synthetic data, which are later processed by an improved training strategy. This KAT methodology follows and realizes the idea of combining analytical and deep learning models together. Modern learning theories demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in terms of effective prediction error feedbacks, a reliable loss function, and rich gradient noises. At last, we study two popular applications in detail: user modeling and probabilistic price forecasting. The proposed method outperforms other competitors in all numerical tests, and the underlying reasons are explained by further statistical and visualization results.

Ruike Lyu, Anna Li, Jianxiao Wang et al.

In many countries, declining demand in energy-intensive industries such as cement, steel, and aluminum is leading to industrial overcapacity. Although industrial overcapacity is traditionally envisioned as problematic and resource-wasteful, it could unlock energy-intensive industries' flexibility in electricity use. Here, using China's aluminum smelting industry as a case study, we evaluate the system-level cost-benefit of retaining energy-intensive industries overcapacity for flexible electricity use in decarbonized energy systems. We find that overcapacity can enable aluminum smelters to adopt a seasonal operation paradigm, ceasing production during winter load peaks that are exacerbated by heating electrification and renewable seasonality. This seasonal operation paradigm could reduce the investment and operational costs of China's decarbonized electricity system by 23-32 billion CNY/year (11-15% of the aluminum smelting industry's product value), sufficient to offset the increased smelter maintenance and product storage costs associated with overcapacity. It may also provide an opportunity for seasonally complementary labor deployment across the aluminum smelting and thermal power generation sectors, offering a potential pathway for mitigating socio-economic disruptions caused by industrial restructuring and energy decarbonization.

Kedi Zheng, Qixin Chen, Yi Wang et al.

The two-way flow of information and energy is an important feature of the Energy Internet. Data analytics is a powerful tool in the information flow that aims to solve practical problems using data mining techniques. As the problem of electricity thefts via tampering with smart meters continues to increase, the abnormal behaviors of thefts become more diversified and more difficult to detect. Thus, a data analytics method for detecting various types of electricity thefts is required. However, the existing methods either require a labeled dataset or additional system information which is difficult to obtain in reality or have poor detection accuracy. In this paper, we combine two novel data mining techniques to solve the problem. One technique is the Maximum Information Coefficient (MIC), which can find the correlations between the non-technical loss (NTL) and a certain electricity behavior of the consumer. MIC can be used to precisely detect thefts that appear normal in shapes. The other technique is the clustering technique by fast search and find of density peaks (CFSFDP). CFSFDP finds the abnormal users among thousands of load profiles, making it quite suitable for detecting electricity thefts with arbitrary shapes. Next, a framework for combining the advantages of the two techniques is proposed. Numerical experiments on the Irish smart meter dataset are conducted to show the good performance of the combined method.

Hao Xu, Yuntian Chen, Chongqing Kang et al.

The global shift towards renewable energy necessitates the development of ultrahigh-voltage (UHV) AC transmission to bridge the gap between remote energy sources and urban demand. While UHV grids offer superior capacity and efficiency, their implementation is often hindered by corona-induced audible noise (AN) and radio interference (RI). Since these emissions must meet strict environmental compliance standards, accurate prediction is vital for the large-scale deployment of UHV infrastructure. Existing engineering practices often rely on empirical laws, in which fixed log-linear structures limit accuracy and extrapolation. Herein, we present a monotonicity-constrained graph symbolic discovery framework, Mono-GraphMD, which uncovers compact, interpretable laws for corona-induced AN and RI. The framework provides mechanistic insight into how nonlinear interactions among the surface gradient, bundle number and diameter govern high-field emissions and enables accurate predictions for both corona-cage data and multicountry real UHV lines with up to 16-bundle conductors. Unlike black-box models, the discovered closed-form laws are highly portable and interpretable, allowing for rapid predictions when applied to various scenarios, thereby facilitating the engineering design process.

Xiaoyi Fan, Yi Ching Chou, Hao Fang et al.

Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are becoming integral to 6G infrastructure, but increasing in-orbit computation accelerates battery degradation and raises sustainability concerns. Meanwhile, renewable-heavy regions worldwide experience persistent energy curtailment due to transmission bottlenecks, leaving substantial clean energy stranded near generation sites. We identify a satellite-grid co-design opportunity: adaptively offloading task-critical data from satellite to data centers co-located with renewable power plants. However, realizing this vision requires jointly considering intermittent and capacity-limited communication windows, as well as time-varying electricity budgets. In this paper, we propose SQSO, a Sustainable and QoS-aware Satellite Offloading framework that models per-interval task offloading as a constrained optimization over dynamic topology and electricity prices. Under this framework, we design $\text{AO}^2$, an adaptive offloading orchestration algorithm to solve the formulated optimization problem. Using Starlink-scale simulations and real-world electricity price traces, $\text{AO}^2$ reduces energy consumption by up to 76.03% and battery life consumption by up to 76.85% compared to state-of-the-art schemes, while also lowering task delay. This work highlights that sustainable scaling of LEO constellations requires co-design of space networking and renewable energy infrastructure, while our solution promotes renewable-aware task offloading and cross-domain collaboration for space-energy integration in the 6G era.

Yiliu He, Haiwang Zhong, Grant Ruan et al.

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology has played a crucial role for long-distance transmission of renewable power generation. However, the integration of large-capacity HVDC lines introduces significant frequency security challenges during HVDC fault emergencies. This paper proposes an emergency-aware and frequency-constrained HVDC planning method to optimize the capacity of inter-area HVDC tie-lines in a multi-area asynchronously interconnected grid. Firstly, a coordinated emergency frequency control scheme is proposed to allocate the emergency control resources during HVDC faults. Then, an enhanced system frequency response model integrating event-driven emergency frequency control is developed and a weighted oblique decision tree approach is employed to extract frequency nadir security constraints. The proposed planning model considers all potential HVDC fault emergencies while treating candidate HVDC capacities as decision variables. Simulation results demonstrate superior performance in balancing economic efficiency with frequency security requirements, providing a practical solution for inter-area HVDC planning.

Kedi Zheng, Qixin Chen, Yi Wang et al.

Having a better understanding of how locational marginal prices (LMPs) change helps in price forecasting and market strategy making. This paper investigates the fundamental distribution of the congestion part of LMPs in high-dimensional Euclidean space using an unsupervised approach. LMP models based on the lossless and lossy DC optimal power flow (DC-OPF) are analyzed to show the overlapping subspace property of the LMP data. The congestion part of LMPs is spanned by certain row vectors of the power transfer distribution factor (PTDF) matrix, and the subspace attributes of an LMP vector uniquely are found to reflect the instantaneous congestion status of all the transmission lines. The proposed method searches for the basis vectors that span the subspaces of congestion LMP data in hierarchical ways. In the bottom-up search, the data belonging to 1-dimensional subspaces are detected, and other data are projected on the orthogonal subspaces. This procedure is repeated until all the basis vectors are found or the basis gap appears. Top-down searching is used to address the basis gap by hyperplane detection with outliers. Once all the basis vectors are detected, the congestion status can be identified. Numerical experiments based on the IEEE 30-bus system, IEEE 118-bus system, Illinois 200-bus system, and Southwest Power Pool are conducted to show the performance of the proposed method.

Mengshuo Jia, Gabriela Hug, Ning Zhang et al.

This two-part tutorial dives into the field of data-driven power flow linearization (DPFL), a domain gaining increased attention. DPFL stands out for its higher approximation accuracy, wide adaptability, and better ability to implicitly incorporate the latest system attributes. This renders DPFL a potentially superior option for managing the significant fluctuations from renewable energy sources, a step towards realizing a more sustainable energy future, by translating the higher model accuracy into increased economic efficiency and less energy losses. To conduct a deep and rigorous reexamination, this tutorial first classifies existing DPFL methods into DPFL training algorithms and supportive techniques. Their mathematical models, analytical solutions, capabilities, limitations, and generalizability are systematically examined, discussed, and summarized. In addition, this tutorial reviews existing DPFL experiments, examining the settings of test systems, the fidelity of datasets, and the comparison made among a limited number of DPFL methods. Further, this tutorial implements extensive numerical comparisons of all existing DPFL methods (40 methods in total) and four classic physics-driven approaches, focusing on their generalizability, applicability, accuracy, and computational efficiency. Through these simulationmethodss, this tutorial aims to reveal the actual performance of all the methods (including the performances exposed to data noise or outliers), guiding the selection of appropriate linearization methods. Furthermore, this tutorial discusses future directions based on the theoretical and numerical insights gained. As the first part, this paper reexamines DPFL theories, covering all the training algorithms and supportive techniques. Capabilities, limitations, and aspects of generalizability, which were previously unmentioned in the literature, have been identified.

Guangchun Ruan, Daniel S. Kirschen, Haiwang Zhong et al.

There is an opportunity in modern power systems to explore the demand flexibility by incentivizing consumers with dynamic prices. In this paper, we quantify demand flexibility using an efficient tool called time-varying elasticity, whose value may change depending on the prices and decision dynamics. This tool is particularly useful for evaluating the demand response potential and system reliability. Recent empirical evidences have highlighted some abnormal features when studying demand flexibility, such as delayed responses and vanishing elasticities after price spikes. Existing methods fail to capture these complicated features because they heavily rely on some predefined (often over-simplified) regression expressions. Instead, this paper proposes a model-free methodology to automatically and accurately derive the optimal estimation pattern. We further develop a two-stage estimation process with Siamese long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. Here, a LSTM network encodes the price response, while the other network estimates the time-varying elasticities. In the case study, the proposed framework and models are validated to achieve higher overall estimation accuracy and better description for various abnormal features when compared with the state-of-the-art methods.

Qingchun Hou, Ning Zhang, Daniel S. Kirschen et al.

Increasing the penetration of variable generation has a substantial effect on the operational reliability of power systems. The higher level of uncertainty that stems from this variability makes it more difficult to determine whether a given operating condition will be secure or insecure. Data-driven techniques provide a promising way to identify security rules that can be embedded in economic dispatch model to keep power system operating states secure. This paper proposes using a sparse weighted oblique decision tree to learn accurate, understandable, and embeddable security rules that are linear and can be extracted as sparse matrices using a recursive algorithm. These matrices can then be easily embedded as security constraints in power system economic dispatch calculations using the Big-M method. Tests on several large datasets with high renewable energy penetration demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. In particular, the sparse weighted oblique decision tree outperforms the state-of-art weighted oblique decision tree while keeping the security rules simple. When embedded in the economic dispatch, these rules significantly increase the percentage of secure states and reduce the average solution time.

Yuxiao Liu, Bolun Xu, Audun Botterud et al.

Data-driven models analyze power grids under incomplete physical information, and their accuracy has been mostly validated empirically using certain training and testing datasets. This paper explores error bounds for data-driven models under all possible training and testing scenarios, and proposes an evaluation implementation based on Rademacher complexity theory. We answer key questions for data-driven models: how much training data is required to guarantee a certain error bound, and how partial physical knowledge can be utilized to reduce the required amount of data. Our results are crucial for the evaluation and application of data-driven models in power grid analysis. We demonstrate the proposed method by finding generalization error bounds for two applications, i.e. branch flow linearization and external network equivalent under different degrees of physical knowledge. Results identify how the bounds decrease with additional power grid physical knowledge or more training data.