Dominik Schmidt

Dominik Schmidt, Minqi Jiang

Pre-training large models on vast amounts of web data has proven to be an effective approach for obtaining powerful, general models in domains such as language and vision. However, this paradigm has not yet taken hold in reinforcement learning. This is because videos, the most abundant form of embodied behavioral data on the web, lack the action labels required by existing methods for imitating behavior from demonstrations. We introduce Latent Action Policies (LAPO), a method for recovering latent action information, and thereby latent-action policies, world models, and inverse dynamics models, purely from videos. LAPO is the first method able to recover the structure of the true action space just from observed dynamics, even in challenging procedurally-generated environments. LAPO enables training latent-action policies that can be rapidly fine-tuned into expert-level policies, either offline using a small action-labeled dataset, or online with rewards. LAPO takes a first step towards pre-training powerful, generalist policies and world models on the vast amounts of videos readily available on the web.

Robert McCarthy, Daniel C. H. Tan, Dominik Schmidt et al.

Scaling deep learning to massive and diverse internet data has driven remarkable breakthroughs in domains such as video generation and natural language processing. Robot learning, however, has thus far failed to replicate this success and remains constrained by a scarcity of available data. Learning from videos (LfV) methods aim to address this data bottleneck by augmenting traditional robot data with large-scale internet video. This video data provides foundational information regarding physical dynamics, behaviours, and tasks, and can be highly informative for general-purpose robots. This survey systematically examines the emerging field of LfV. We first outline essential concepts, including detailing fundamental LfV challenges such as distribution shift and missing action labels in video data. Next, we comprehensively review current methods for extracting knowledge from large-scale internet video, overcoming LfV challenges, and improving robot learning through video-informed training. The survey concludes with a critical discussion of future opportunities. Here, we emphasize the need for scalable foundation model approaches that can leverage the full range of available internet video and enhance the learning of robot policies and dynamics models. Overall, the survey aims to inform and catalyse future LfV research, driving progress towards general-purpose robots.

Dominik Schmidt, Thomas Schmied

Across the Arcade Learning Environment, Rainbow achieves a level of performance competitive with humans and modern RL algorithms. However, attaining this level of performance requires large amounts of data and hardware resources, making research in this area computationally expensive and use in practical applications often infeasible. This paper's contribution is threefold: We (1) propose an improved version of Rainbow, seeking to drastically reduce Rainbow's data, training time, and compute requirements while maintaining its competitive performance; (2) we empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through experiments on the Arcade Learning Environment, and (3) we conduct a number of ablation studies to investigate the effect of the individual proposed modifications. Our improved version of Rainbow reaches a median human normalized score close to classic Rainbow's, while using 20 times less data and requiring only 7.5 hours of training time on a single GPU. We also provide our full implementation including pre-trained models.