Shubhajit Roy

Shubhajit Roy, Anirban Dasgupta

Dynamic graph neural networks (DGNNs) that operate on snapshot sequences typically fall into one of two categories. \emph{Temporal-first} approaches build per-node temporal embeddings and only afterwards perform spatial aggregation, whereas \emph{Spatial-first} approaches invert this order, feeding the output of a graph convolution into a downstream temporal module. In either case, the rigid sequencing forces the second stage to consume an already-compressed summary produced by the first, ruling out joint reasoning over topology and evolution; concretely, the message-passing operator never gets to weight a neighbor's contribution by that neighbor's \emph{past} trajectory. This paper introduces \textbf{SiST-GNN} (\textbf{Si}multaneous \textbf{S}patial-\textbf{T}emporal \textbf{GNN}), which fuses the two signals inside a single message-passing operation rather than chaining them. Concretely, at each snapshot we maintain a recurrent hidden state per node that summarises its history, pair it with the node's current feature vector, and treat the pair as two nodes joined by a cross-time edge; running a standard graph convolution on this temporally augmented graph yields the updated representation. Our empirical study spans nine public baselines and fourteen model-dataset combinations, covering both fixed-split and live-update evaluation regimes. Across every public benchmark, SiST-GNN sets a new state of the art in link prediction task over the strongest prior method by $109$--$277\%$ in the fixed-split setting and by $68$--$194\%$ in the live-update setting. We additionally construct three dynamic node-classification tasks by discretising the underlying continuous-time event streams; here SiST-GNN beats the leading discrete-time (DTDG) baseline by $7$--$22\%$ and matches continuous-time (CTDG) methods that consume the raw events directly.

Shubhajit Roy, Hrriday Ruparel, Kishan Ved et al.

Scalability of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) remains a significant challenge. To tackle this, methods like coarsening, condensation, and computation trees are used to train on a smaller graph, resulting in faster computation. Nonetheless, prior research has not adequately addressed the computational costs during the inference phase. This paper presents a novel approach to improve the scalability of GNNs by reducing computational burden during the inference phase using graph coarsening. We demonstrate two different methods -- Extra Nodes and Cluster Nodes. Our study extends the application of graph coarsening for graph-level tasks, including graph classification and graph regression. We conduct extensive experiments on multiple benchmark datasets to evaluate the performance of our approach. Our results show that the proposed method achieves orders of magnitude improvements in single-node inference time compared to traditional approaches. Furthermore, it significantly reduces memory consumption for node and graph classification and regression tasks, enabling efficient training and inference on low-resource devices where conventional methods are impractical. Notably, these computational advantages are achieved while maintaining competitive performance relative to baseline models.

Shubhajit Roy, Shrutimoy Das, Binita Maity et al.

Subgraph counting is a fundamental task for analyzing structural patterns in graph-structured data, with important applications in domains such as computational biology and social network analysis, where recurring motifs reveal functional and organizational properties. In this paper, we propose localized versions of the Weisfeiler-Leman (WL) algorithms to improve both expressivity and computational efficiency for this task. We introduce Local $k$-WL, which we prove to be more expressive than $k$-WL and at most as expressive as $(k+1)$-WL, and provide a characterization of patterns whose subgraph and induced subgraph counts are invariant under Local $k$-WL equivalence. To enhance scalability, we present two variants -- Layer $k$-WL and Recursive $k$-WL -- that achieve greater time and space efficiency compared to applying $k$-WL on the entire graph. Additionally, we propose a novel fragmentation technique that decomposes complex subgraphs into simpler subpatterns, enabling the exact count of all induced subgraphs of size at most $4$ using only $1$-WL, with extensions possible for larger patterns when $k>1$. Building on these ideas, we develop a three-stage differentiable learning framework that combines subpattern counts to compute counts of more complex motifs, bridging combinatorial algorithm design with machine learning approaches. We also compare the expressive power of Local $k$-WL with existing GNN hierarchies and demonstrate that, under bounded time complexity, our methods are more expressive than prior approaches.