Marc Gerritsma

Artur Palha, Marc Gerritsma

In this work we present a mimetic spectral element discretization for the 2D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations that in the limit of vanishing dissipation exactly preserves mass, kinetic energy, enstrophy and total vorticity on unstructured grids. The essential ingredients to achieve this are: (i) a velocity-vorticity formulation in rotational form, (ii) a sequence of function spaces capable of exactly satisfying the divergence free nature of the velocity field, and (iii) a conserving time integrator. Proofs for the exact discrete conservation properties are presented together with numerical test cases on highly irregular grids.

Jasper Kreeft, Artur Palha, Marc Gerritsma

In this paper higher order mimetic discretizations are introduced which are firmly rooted in the geometry in which the variables are defined. The paper shows how basic constructs in differential geometry have a discrete counterpart in algebraic topology. Generic maps which switch between the continuous differential forms and discrete cochains will be discussed and finally a realization of these ideas in terms of mimetic spectral elements is presented, based on projections for which operations at the finite dimensional level commute with operations at the continuous level. The two types of orientation (inner- and outer-orientation) will be introduced at the continuous level, the discrete level and the preservation of orientation will be demonstrated for the new mimetic operators. The one-to-one correspondence between the continuous formulation and the discrete algebraic topological setting, provides a characterization of the oriented discrete boundary of the domain. The Hodge decomposition at the continuous, discrete and finite dimensional level will be presented. It appears to be a main ingredient of the structure in this framework.

Jasper Kreeft, Marc Gerritsma

In this paper we apply the recently developed mimetic discretization method to the mixed formulation of the Stokes problem in terms of vorticity, velocity and pressure. The mimetic discretization presented in this paper and in [50] is a higher-order method for curvilinear quadrilaterals and hexahedrals. Fundamental is the underlying structure of oriented geometric objects, the relation between these objects through the boundary operator and how this defines the exterior derivative, representing the grad, curl and div, through the generalized Stokes theorem. The mimetic method presented here uses the language of differential $k$-forms with $k$-cochains as their discrete counterpart, and the relations between them in terms of the mimetic operators: reduction, reconstruction and projection. The reconstruction consists of the recently developed mimetic spectral interpolation functions. The most important result of the mimetic framework is the commutation between differentiation at the continuous level with that on the finite dimensional and discrete level. As a result operators like gradient, curl and divergence are discretized exactly. For Stokes flow, this implies a pointwise divergence-free solution. This is confirmed using a set of test cases on both Cartesian and curvilinear meshes. It will be shown that the method converges optimally for all admissible boundary conditions.

David Lee, Artur Palha, Marc Gerritsma

A mixed mimetic spectral element method is applied to solve the rotating shallow water equations. The mixed method uses the recently developed spectral element histopolation functions, which exactly satisfy the fundamental theorem of calculus with respect to the standard Lagrange basis functions in one dimension. These are used to construct tensor product solution spaces which satisfy the generalized Stokes theorem, as well as the annihilation of the gradient operator by the curl and the curl by the divergence. This allows for the exact conservation of first order moments (mass, vorticity), as well as quadratic moments (energy, potential enstrophy), subject to the truncation error of the time stepping scheme. The continuity equation is solved in the strong form, such that mass conservation holds point wise, while the momentum equation is solved in the weak form such that vorticity is globally conserved. While mass, vorticity and energy conservation hold for any quadrature rule, potential enstrophy conservation is dependent on exact spatial integration. The method possesses a weak form statement of geostrophic balance due to the compatible nature of the solution spaces and arbitrarily high order spatial error convergence.

Jasper Kreeft, Marc Gerritsma

This paper describes the recently developed mixed mimetic spectral element method for the Stokes problem in the vorticity-velocity-pressure formulation. This compatible discretization method relies on the construction of a conforming discrete Hodge decomposition, that is based on a bounded projection operator that commutes with the exterior derivative. The projection operator is the composition of a reduction and a reconstruction step. The reconstruction in terms of mimetic spectral element basis-functions are tensor-based constructions and therefore hold for curvilinear quadrilateral and hexahedral meshes. For compatible discretization methods that contain a conforming discrete Hodge decomposition, we derive optimal a priori error estimates which are valid for all admissible boundary conditions on both Cartesian and curvilinear meshes. These theoretical results are confirmed by numerical experiments. These clearly show that the mimetic spectral elements outperform the commonly used H(div)-compatible Raviart-Thomas elements.

Marc Gerritsma, Artur Palha, Varun Jain et al.

This paper addresses the topological structure of steady, anisotropic, inhomogeneous diffusion problems. Two discrete formulations: a) mixed and b) direct formulations are discussed. Differential operators are represented by sparse incidence matrices, while weighted mass matrices play the role of metric-dependent Hodge matrices. The resulting mixed formulations are point-wise divergence-free if the right hand side function f = 0. The method is inf-sup stable and displays optimal convergence on orthogonal and non-affine grids.

Marc Gerritsma, Varun Jain, Yi Zhang et al.

In this paper we will consider two curl-curl equation in two dimensions. One curl-curl problem for a scalar quantity $F$ and one problem for a vector field $\bf{E}$. For Dirichlet boundary conditions $\bf{n} \times \bf{E} =$ $ \hat{E}_{\dashv}$ on $\bf{E}$ and Neumann boundary conditions $\bf{n} \times \mbox{curl}$ $F=\hat{E}_{\dashv}$, we expect the solutions to satisfy $\bf{E}=\mbox{curl}$ $F$. When we use algebraic dual polynomial representations, these identities continue to hold at the discrete level. Equivalence will be proved and illustrated with a computational example.

Giorgio Tosti Balducci, Boyang Chen, Matthias Möller et al.

Modeling open hole failure of composites is a complex task, consisting in a highly nonlinear response with interacting failure modes. Numerical modeling of this phenomenon has traditionally been based on the finite element method, but requires to tradeoff between high fidelity and computational cost. To mitigate this shortcoming, recent work has leveraged machine learning to predict the strength of open hole composite specimens. Here, we also propose using data-based models but to tackle open hole composite failure from a classification point of view. More specifically, we show how to train surrogate models to learn the ultimate failure envelope of an open hole composite plate under in-plane loading. To achieve this, we solve the classification problem via support vector machine (SVM) and test different classifiers by changing the SVM kernel function. The flexibility of kernel-based SVM also allows us to integrate the recently developed quantum kernels in our algorithm and compare them with the standard radial basis function (RBF) kernel. Finally, thanks to kernel-target alignment optimization, we tune the free parameters of all kernels to best separate safe and failure-inducing loading states. The results show classification accuracies higher than 90% for RBF, especially after alignment, followed closely by the quantum kernel classifiers.

Varun Jain, Yi Zhang, Joël Fisser et al.

We present a hybrid mimetic spectral element formulation for Darcy flow. The discrete representations for 1) conservation of mass, and 2) inter-element continuity, are topological relations that lead to sparse matrix systems. These constraints are independent of the element size and shape, and thus invariant under mesh transformations. The resultant algebraic system is extremely sparse even for high degree polynomial basis. Furthermore, the system can be efficiently assembled and solved for each element separately.

Artur Palha, Marc Gerritsma

There is a growing interest in the conservation of invariants when numerically solving a system of ordinary differential equations. Methods that exactly preserve these quantities in time are known as geometric integrators. In this paper we apply the recently developed mimetic framework to the solution of a system of first order ordinary differential equations. Depending on the discrete Hodge-* employed, two classes of arbitrary order time integrators are derived. It is shown that the one based on a canonical Hodge-* results in a symplectic integrator, whereas the one based on a Galerkin Hodge-* results in an energy preserving integrator. A set of numerical tests confirms these theoretical results.